they were in their whole history.  When we review the stages by which they have risen, we cannot but feel at times grieved and indignant at the opportunities for tranquillising and enriching the country which were lost through the ignorance, apathy, bigotry, and selfishness of the legislature.  There was no end of commissions and select committees to inquire into the condition of the agricultural population, whenever Parliament was roused by the prevalence of agrarian outrages.  They reported, and there the matter ended.  There were always insuperable difficulties when the natives were to be put in a better position.  Between 1810 and 1814, for example, a commission reported four times on the condition of the Irish bogs.  They expressed their entire conviction of the practicability of cultivating with profit an immense extent of land lying waste.  In 1819, in 1823, in 1826, and in 1830, select committees inquired into and reported on drainage, reclamation of bogs and marshes, on roads, fisheries, emigration, and other schemes for giving employment to the redundant population that had been encouraged to increase and multiply in the most reckless manner, while ’war prices’ were obtained for agricultural produce, and the votes of the forty-shilling freeholders were wanted by the landlords.  When, by the Emancipation Act in 1829, the forty-shilling franchise was abolished, the peasant lost his political value.  After the war, when the price of corn fell very low, and, consequently, tillage gave place to grazing, labourers became to the middleman an encumbrance and a nuisance that must be cleared off the land, just as weeds are plucked up and flung out to wither on the highway.  Then came Lord Devon’s Land Commission, which inquired on the eve of the potato failure and the great famine.  The Irish population was now at its highest figure—­between eight and nine millions.  Yet, though there had been three bad seasons, it was clearly proved at that time that by measures which a wise and willing legislature would have promptly passed, the whole surplus population could have been profitably employed.

In this great land controversy, on which side lies the truth?  Is it the fault of the people, or the fault of the law, that the country is but half cultivated, while the best of the peasantry are emigrating with hostile feelings and purposes of vengeance towards England?  As to the landlords, as a class, they use their powers with as much moderation and mercy as any other class of men in any country ever used power so vast and so little restrained.  The best and most indulgent landlords, the most genial and generous, are unquestionably the old nobility, the descendants of the Normans and Saxons, those very conquerors of whom we have heard so much.  The worst, the most harsh and exacting, are those who have purchased under the Landed Estates Court—­strangers to the people, who think only of the percentage on their capital.  We had heard much of the necessity