flowers on the newly sanded streets.  Tyrconnell, now a duke, the judges, the mayor and the corporation, completed the procession, which moved beneath arches of evergreens, and windows hung with ’tapestry and cloth of arras.’  The recorder delivered to his majesty the keys of the city, and the Catholic primate, Dominick Maguire, waited in his robes to conduct him to the royal chapel, where the Te Deum was sung.  On that day the green flag floated from the main tower of the castle, bearing the motto, ‘Now or never—­now and for ever.’

The followers of James, according to Grattan, ’though papists, were not slaves.  They wrung a constitution from King James before they accompanied him to the field.’  A constitution wrung from such a man was not worth much.  His parliament passed an act for establishing liberty of conscience, and ordering every man to pay tithes to his own clergy only, with some other measures of relief.  But he began to play the despot very soon.  The Commons voted him the large subsidy of 20,000 l.  He doubled the amount by his own mere motion.  He established a bank, and by his own authority decreed a bank monopoly.  He debased the coinage, and fixed the prices of merchandise by his own will.  He appointed a provost and librarian in Trinity College without the consent of the senate, and attempted to force fellows and scholars on the university contrary to the statutes.  The events which followed are well known to all readers of English history.  Our concern is with their effects on the land question.

One of the measures passed by this parliament was an act repealing the act of settlement.  But, soon after the Revolution, measures were taken to render that settlement firmer than ever.  A commission was appointed to enquire into the forfeited estates; and the consequence was that 1,060,792 acres were declared escheated to the crown.  In 1695 King William, in his speech, read to the Irish parliament, assured them that he was intent upon the firm settlement of Ireland upon a Protestant basis.  He kept his word, for when he died there did not remain in the hands of Catholics one-sixth of the land which their grandfathers held, even after the passing of the act of settlement.  The acts passed for securing the Protestant interest formed the series known as the penal code, which was in force for the whole of the eighteenth century.  It answered its purpose effectually; it reduced the nation to a state of poverty, degradation, and slavishness of spirit unparalleled in the history of Christendom, while it made the small dominant class a prodigy of political and religious tyranny.  Never was an aristocracy, as a body, more hardened in selfishness, more insolent in spirit; never was a church more negligent of duty, more intensely and ostentatiously secular.  Both church and state reeked with corruption.