ages of the Church.  There were four stages of penance.  The churches were divided into four parts by railings and gates.  The first railing across the church was at some distance from the altar, the second was a little below the middle of the church, and the third was near the door.  Those who committed great sins had to stand clad in coarse garments near the entrance of the church, and beg the prayers of those who entered.  After they had done this kind of penance for a certain time, they were allowed to come into the church as far as the second railing.  They were allowed to hear the sermon, but were not permitted to be present at the Mass.  After doing sufficient penance, they were allowed to remain for Mass, but could not receive Holy Communion.  When they had performed all the penance imposed upon them, they were allowed to receive the Sacraments and enjoy all the rights and privileges of faithful children of the Church.  These penances lasted for many days and sometimes for years, according to the gravity of the sins committed.  The sins for which these severe penances were performed were generally sins that had been committed publicly, and hence the penance, amendment, and reparation had also to be public.

“Temporal Punishment.”  Every sin has two punishments attached to it, one called the eternal and the other the temporal.  Let me explain by an example.  If I, turning highway robber, waylay a man, beat him and steal his watch, I do him, as you see, a double injury, and deserve a double punishment for the twofold crime of beating and robbing him.  He might pardon me for the injuries caused by the beating, but that would not free me from the obligation of restoring to him his watch or its value, for the fact that he forgives me for the act of stealing does not give me the right to keep what justly belongs to him.  Now, when we sin against God we in the first place insult Him, and secondly rob Him of what is deservedly His due; namely, the worship, respect, obedience, love, etc., that we owe Him as our Creator, Preserver, and Redeemer.

In the Sacrament of Penance God forgives the insult offered by sinning, but requires us to make restitution for that of which the sin has deprived Him.  In every sin there is an act of turning away from God and an act of turning to some creature in His stead.  If a soldier pledged to defend his country deserts his army in time of war, he is guilty of a dishonorable, contemptible act; but if, besides deserting his own army, he goes over to aid the enemy, he becomes guilty of another and still greater crime—­he becomes a traitor for whom the laws of nations reserve their severest penalties.  By sin we, who in Baptism and Confirmation have promised to serve God and war against His enemies, desert Him and go over to them; for Our Blessed Lord has said:  He that is not with Me is against Me.

We pay the temporal debt due to our sins, that is, make the restitution, by our penances upon earth, or by our suffering in Purgatory, or by both combined.