colonies of the Dominion of Canada is this—­that all Imperial powers, everything that constitutes a people a nation as respects foreigners, are reserved to the mother country.  The division, then, of the Dominion and its provinces consists only in a division of Local powers.  It is impossible to mark accurately the line between Dominion and Provincial powers, but, speaking generally, Dominion powers relate to such matters—­for example, the regulation of trade and commerce, postal service, currency, and so forth—­as require to be dealt with on a uniform principle throughout the whole area of a country; while the Provincial powers relate to provincial and municipal institutions, provincial licensing, and other subjects restricted to the limits of the province.  As a general rule, the Legislature of the Dominion and the Legislature of each province have respectively exclusive jurisdiction within the limits of the subjects entrusted to them; but, as respects agriculture and immigration, the Dominion Parliament have power to overrule any Act of the provincial Legislatures, and, as respects property and civil rights in Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, the Dominion Parliament may legislate with a view to uniformity, but their legislation is not valid unless it is accepted by the Legislature of each province to which it applies.

The executive authority in the Dominion Government, as in all the self-governing colonies, is carried on by the Governor in the name of the Queen, but with the advice of a Council:  that is to say, as to all Imperial matters, he is under the control of the mother country; as to all local matters, he acts on the advice of his local Council.  The result of the whole is that the citizenship of an inhabitant of the Dominion of Canada is a triple tie.  Suppose him to reside in the province of Quebec.  First, he is a citizen of that province, and bound to obey all the laws which it is within the competence of the provincial Legislature to pass.  Next, he is a citizen of the Dominion of Canada, and acknowledges its jurisdiction in all matters outside the legitimate sphere of the province.  Lastly, and above all, he is a subject of her Majesty.  He is to all intents and purposes, as respects the vast company of nations, an Englishman, entitled to all the privileges as he is to all the glory of the mother country so far as such privileges can be enjoyed and glory participated in without actual residence in England.  One startling point of likeness in events and unlikeness in consequences is to be found in the history of Ireland and Canada.  In 1798 Ireland rebelled.  Protestant and Catholic were arrayed in arms against each other.  The rebellion was quenched in blood, and measures of repression have been in force, with slight intervals of suspension, ever since, with this result—­that the Ireland of 1886 is scarcely less disloyal and discontented than the Ireland of 1798.  In 1837 and 1838 Canada rebelled.  Protestants and Catholics, differing in nationality as well as in religion, were arrayed in arms against each other.  The rebellion was quelled with the least possible violence, a free Constitution was given, and the Canada of 1886 is the largest, most loyal, and most contented colony in her Majesty’s dominions.