by the Dutch, to whom they ceded their mercantile monopoly, in 1640-1644.  The Dutch had arrived in 1596, and held their ground till their supremacy was wrested from them by Clive in 1758, The British had followed the Dutch closely (arriving in 1600), and were themselves followed soon after by the Germans and Danes (whose activity soon subsided), and by the French.  The German company, under whose protection stood Ziegenbalg, was one of the last to enter India, and first to leave it (1717-1726).  The most grotesquely hideous era in India’s history is that which was inaugurated by the supremacy of the Christian British.  Major Munroe’s barbaric punishment of the Sepoys took place, however, in Clive’s absence (1760-1765).  Marshman, I, p. 305, says of this Munroe only that he was “an officer of undaunted resolution”!  Clive himself was acquitted by his own countrymen of theft, robbery, and extortion; but the Hindus have not acquitted him or Hastings; nor will Christianity ever do so.]

[Footnote 40:  For specimens of the sacred Kural of Tiruvalluvar N[=a]r[=a]yana*N[=a]yan[=]r, see the examples given by Pope, Indian Antiquary, seventh and following volumes.  The Sittars, to whom we have referred above, are a more modern sect.  Their precept that love is the essential of religion is not, as in the case of the Hindu idolators, of erotic nature.  They seem to be the modern representatives of that Buddhistic division (see above) called S[=a]ugatas, whose religion consists in ‘kindness to all.’  In these sects there is found quietism, a kind of quakerism, pure morality, high teaching, sternest (almost bigoted) monotheism, and the doctrine of positive altruism, strange to the Hindu idolator as to the Brahman.  The Prem S[=a]gar, or ‘Ocean of Love,’ is a modern Hindu work, which illustrates the religious love opposed to that of the Sittars, namely, the mystic love of the Krishnaite for his savior, whose grace is given only to him that has faith.  It is the mystic rapt adoration that in expression becomes erotic and sensual.]

[Footnote 41:  Hinduism itself is unconsciously doing a reforming work among the wild tribes that are not touched by the Christian missionary.  These tribes, becoming Hinduized, become civilized, and, in so far as they are thus made approachable, they are put in the way of improvement; though civilization often has a bad effect upon their morals for a season.]

[Footnote 42:  The substitution of the doctrine of redemption for that of karma is intellectually impossible for an educated Hindu.  He may renounce the latter, but he cannot accept the former.  The nearest approach to such a conception is that of the Buddhistic ‘Redeemer’ heresy referred to above.  In all other regards Samaj and pantheism are too catholic to be affected; In this regard they are both unyielding.]

[Footnote 43:  We question, for instance, the advisability of such means to “fill