[Footnote 24:  Sherring (JRAS.  V. 376) says decidedly that Bh[=a]rs, or Bh[=a]rats, and Ch[=i]rus cannot be Aryans.  This article is one full of interesting details in regard to the high cultivation of the Bh[=a]rat tribe.  They built large stone forts, immense subterranean caverns, and made enormous bricks for tanks and fortifications (19 X 11 X 2-1/2 inches), the former being built regularly to east and west (surajbedi).  One of their chief cities lay five miles west of Mirz[=a]pur, and covered several miles, entirely surrounding the Puranic city of Vindhyacal, built in the midst of it.  Six or seven hundred years ago the Bh[=a]rs held Oude and Benares.  Carnegy’s opinion is given in his Races, Tribes, and Castes of the Province of Oude (Oudh).  The Bh[=a]rs, says Elliot, Chronicles of Oonayo, built all the towns not ending in pur, mow, or [=a]b[=a]d (Hindu, Mongol, Mohammedan).  Their sacra (totems?) are the bamboo, bel-tree, tortoise, and peacock.]

     [Footnote 25:  JRAS.  XII. 229; IA.  XXII. 293.]

[Footnote 26:  Among the southern Koders the dolmen form grave-stones; perhaps the religious employment of them in this wise led to the idea of the god-stone in many cases; but it is difficult to say in monolith-worship whether the stone itself be not a god; not a fetish, for (as has been said by others) a fetish is a god only so long as he is regarded as being useful, and when shown to be useless he is flung away; but a god-stone is always divine, whether it grants prayers or not.]

[Footnote 27:  Wilson’s note to Stevenson’s description, JRAS. 1838, p. 197.  The epic disease-gods are not unique.  The only god known to the Andaman Islanders (Bay of Bengal) was a disease-devil, and this is found as a subordinate deity in many of the wild tribes.]

[Footnote 28:  In the current Indian Antiquary there is an exceedingly interesting series of papers by the late Judge Burnell on Devil-worship, with illustrations that show well the character of these lower objects of worship.]

     [Footnote 29:  The standard work on this subject is
     Fergusson’s Tree and Serpent Worship, which abounds in
     interesting facts and dangerously captivating fancies.]

[Footnote 30:  JRAS. 1846, p. 407.  The ensign here may be totemistic.  In Hinduism the epic shows that the standards of battle were often surmounted with signa and effigies of various animals, as was the case, for example, in ancient Germany.  We have collected the material on this point in a paper in JAOS.  XIII. 244.  It appears that on top of the flag-staff images were placed.  One of these is the Ape-standard; another, the Bull standard; another, the Hoar-standard.  Arjuna’s sign was the Ape (with a lion’s tail); other heroes had peacocks, elephants, and