rosaries used by the sects have been the subject of a paper by Leumann, and are described by Williams.  Thirty-two or sixty-four berries of eleocapus ganitrus (rudr[=a]ksha) make the Civaite rosary.  That of the Vishnuite is made of lotus-seeds or of tuls[=a] wood in one hundred and eight pieces.]

[Footnote 79:  For an account and list of the works of Tulas[=i]d[=a]s[=a] (Tuls[=i]d[=a]s), compare IA. xxii. 89, 122, 227.  Jayadeva (twelfth century), the author of the G[=i]ta Govinda (translated by Jones, Lassen, and Ruckert), is sometimes reckoned falsely to the adherents of R[=a]m[=a]nand, but he is really a Krishnaite.]

[Footnote 80:  The bhakti doctrine is that of the extant C[=a]ndilya S[=u]tras, which make faith and not works or knowledge a condition of salvation.  They are modern, as Cowell, in his preface to the work, has shown.  Cowell here identifies K[=a]cyapa with Ka[n.][=a]da, the V[=a]iceshika philosopher, his school holding that the individual spirits are infinite in number, distinct from the Supreme Spirit.]

[Footnote 81:  The infant-cult is of course older than these sects.  For an account of the ritual, as well as its intrusion into the earlier cult of the Pur[=a]nas, with the accompanying resemblances to Madonna-cult, and the new features (the massacre of the innocents, the birth in the stable, the three wise men, etc.) that show borrowing from Christianity, compare Weber’s exhaustive treatise referred to above, the K[=r.][=s.][n.]ajanm[=a][=s.][=t.]am[=i], Krishna’s Geburtsfest.]

     [Footnote 82:  Williams, loc. cit.]

[Footnote 83:  ‘Gosain’ means shepherd, like Gop[=a]la.  Some of the sects, like the Kart[=a]bh[=a]js, recognize only the Teacher as God.  Williams states that in Bengal a fourth member has been added to this sect-trinity.  On Dancing-girls see IA.  XIII-165.]

[Footnote 84:  The philosophical tenet of this sect ’pure adv[=a]ita’ (non-duality) distinguishes it from the qualified duality taught by R[=a]m[=a]nuja.  This is a reversion to Cankara.  The C[=a]itanya sect teaches not absorption but individual existence in a heaven of sensuous (sensual) pleasure.]

[Footnote 85:  “In the temples where the Mah[=a]r[=a]jas (priests) do homage to the idols men and women do homage to the Mah[=a]r[=a]jas....  The best mode of propitiating the god Krishna is by ministering to the sensual appetites of his vicars upon earth.  Body and soul are literally made over to them, and women are taught to deliver up their persons to Krishna’s representatives,” Williams, loc. cit. p. 309.]

[Footnote 86:  On these sects see Wilson, Hunter (Statistical Account), Williams, JRAS. xiv. 289.  The festival verses in honor of the Madonna are:  “Honor to thee, Devak[=i], who hast borne Krishna; may the goddess who destroys