[Footnote 47:  In case any writing has to be done on this day
     it is done with chalk, not with the pens, “which have a
     complete holiday” (Wilson).]

[Footnote 48:  The invocations show very well how the worship of Brahm[=a] has been driven out in honor of his more powerful rivals.  For Sarasvat[=i] is invoked first as “Thou without whom Brahm[=a] never lives”; but again as “Thou of eight forms, Lakshm[=i], Medh[=a], Dhav[=a], Pusht[=i], G[=a]ur[=i], Tusht[=i], Prabh[=a], Dhriti, O Sarasvat[=i].”  The great festivals, like the great temples, are not very stricly sectarian.  Williams says that in Civa’s temple in Benares are kept monkeys (sacred to Vishnu).]

[Footnote 49:  Between this and the last occur minor holidays, one to avert small-pox; one (February the 4th) sacred to the sun (Sunday, the seventh day of each lunar fortnight, is strictly observed); and one to the Manes.]

[Footnote 50:  Fasting is not necessarily a part of civilized religion alone.  It is found in the Brahmanic and Hindu cults, but it obtains also among the American Indians.  Thus the Dacotahs fast for two or three days at the worship of sun and moon.  Schoolcraft, Histor. and Statist., iii. 227.]

     [Footnote 51:  The last clause (meaning ’common historical
     origin’) were better omitted.]

     [Footnote 52:  Except the mystic syllable [=O]m, supposed
     to represent the trinity ([=O]m is a, u, m), though
     probably it was originally only an exclamation.]

[Footnote 53:  A small Vishnu festival in honor of Vishnu as ‘man-lion’ (one of his ten avatars) is celebrated on the 13th of March; but in Bengal in honor of the same god as a cow-boy.  On the 15th of March there is another minor festival in Bengal, but it is to Civa, or rather to one of his hosts, under the form of a water pot (that is to preserve from disease).]

[Footnote 54:  The bonfire is made of fences, door posts, furniture, etc.  Nothing once seized and devoted to the fire may be reclaimed, but the owner may defend his property if he can.  Part of the horse-play at this time consists in leaping over the fire, which is also ritualistic with same of the hill-tribes.]

[Footnote 55:  Compare the Nautch dances on R[=a]macandra’s birthday.  Religious dances, generally indecent, are also a prominent feature of the religions of the wild tribes (as among American and African savages, Greeks, etc., etc.).]

     [Footnote 56:  The ‘Easter bonnet’ in Indic form.]

     [Footnote 57:  In sober contrast stands the yearly orthodox
     Craddha celebration (August-September), though Brahmans join
     in sectarian fetes.]