[Footnote 5:  The Nirgranthas (Jains) are never referred to by the Buddhists as being a new sect, nor is their reputed founder, N[=a]taputta, spoken of as their founder; whence Jacobi plausibly argues that their real founder was older than Mah[=a]v[=i]ra, and that the sect preceded that of Buddha.  Lassen and Weber have claimed, on the contrary, that Jainism is a revolt against Buddhism.  The identification of N[=a]taputta (Jn[=a]triputra) with Mah[=a]v[=i]ra is due to Buehler and Jacobi (Kalpas[=u]tra, Introd. p.6).]

[Footnote 6:  According to Jacobi, ZDMG. xxxviii. 17, the split in the party arose in this way.  About 350 B.C. some Jain monks under the leadership of Bhadrab[=a]hu went south, and they followed stricter rules of asceticism than did their fellows in the north.  Both sects are modifications of the original type, and their differences did not result in sectarian separation till about the time of our era, at which epoch arose the differentiating titles of sects that had not previously separated into formal divisions, but had drifted apart geographically.]

[Footnote 7:  Compare Jacobi, loc. cit. and Leumann’s account of the seven sects of the Cvet[=a]mbaras in the essay in the Indische Studien referred to above.  At the present day the Jains are found to the number of about a million in the northwest (Cvet[=a]mbaras), and south (Digambaras) of India.  The original seat of the whole body in its first form was, as we have said, near Benares, where also arose and flourished Buddhism.]

[Footnote 8:  Hemacandra’s Yogac[=a]stra, edited by Windisch, ZDMG. xxviii. 185 ff. (iii. 133).  The Jain’s hate of women did not prevent his worshipping goddesses as the female energy like the later Hindu sects.  The Jains are divided in regard to the possibility of woman’s salvation.  The Yogac[=a]stra alludes to women as ’the lamps that burn on the road that leads to the gate of hell,’ ii. 87.  The Digambaras do not admit women into the order, as do the Cvet[=a]mbaras.]

[Footnote 9:  Die Bharata-sage, Leumann, ZDMG. xlviii. p.65.  See also above in the S[=u]tras.  With the Jains there is less of the monastic side of religion than with the Buddhists.]

[Footnote 10:  Jains are sometimes called Arhats on account of their veneration for the Arhat or chief Jina (whence Jain).  Their only real gods are their chiefs or Teachers, whose idols are worshipped in the temples.  Thus, like the Buddhist and some Hindu sects of modern times, they have given up God to worship man.  Rather have they adopted an idolatry of man and worship of womanhood, for they also revere the female energy.  Positivism has ancient models!]

     [Footnote 11:  The Jain sub-sects did not differ much among
     themselves in philosophical speculation.  Their differences
     were rather of a practical sort.]