earth are created but once:  “Only once was heaven created, only once was earth created,” Zimmer, AIL. 408.]

[Footnote 62:  When the principle of life is explained it is in terms of sun or fire.  Thus Praj[=a]pati, Lord of beings, or Father-god, is first an epithet of Savitar, RV. iv. 53. 2; and the golden germ must be fire.]

[Footnote 63:  Schoolcraft, Historical and Statistical Information, i. 32.  As examples of the many passages where ‘water is the beginning’ may be cited Cat.  Br. vi. 7. 1. 17; xi. 1. 6. 1.  The sun, born as Aditi’s eighth son, is the bird, ‘egg-born,’ RV. x. 72. 8.]

     [Footnote 64:  Among the new curators of Atharvan origin are,
     for instance, the sun under the name of Rohita, Desire
     (Love), etc., etc.]

     [Footnote 65:  Illustrations of these contradictions may be
     found in plenty apud Muir iv. p. 20 ff.]

     [Footnote 66:  Nirukta, vii. 4; Muir, loc. cit. p. 131 and
     v. 17.]

     [Footnote 67:  Neu-und Vollmonds Opfer, 1880.  The
     D[=i]ksh[=a], or initiation, has been described by
     Lindner; the R[=a]jas[=u]ya and Vajapeya, by Weber.]

[Footnote 68:  The water-sickness already imputed to this god in the Rig Veda.  This tale and that of Bhrigu (referred to above) show an ancient trait in the position of Varuna, as chief god.]

     [Footnote 69:  This is the germ of the pilgrimage doctrine
     (see below).]

     [Footnote 70:  Perhaps (M. ix. 301) interpolated; or the
     first allusion to the Four Ages.]

[Footnote 71:  These (compare afri, ‘blessing,’ in the Avesta) are verses in the Rig Veda introducing the sacrifice.  They are meant as propitiations, and appear to be an ancient part of the ritual.]

[Footnote 72:  A group of hymns in the first book of the Rig Veda are attributed to Dogstail.  At any rate, they do allude to him, and so prove a moderate antiquity (probably the middle period of the Rik) for the tale.  The name, in Sanskrit Cunascepa, has been ingeniously starred by Weber as Cynosoura; the last part of each compound having the same meaning, and the first part being even phonetically the same cunas, [Greek:  kunhos].]

     [Footnote 73:  Ait.  Br. viii. 10, 15, 20.]

[Footnote 74:  The epic has a later version.  This earlier form is found in Cat.  Br. i. 8. 1.  For the story of the flood among the American Indians compare Schoolcraft (Historical and Statistical Information), i. 17.]

* * * * *

CHAPTER X.

BRAHMANIC PANTHEISM.—­THE UPANISHADS.

In the Vedic hymns man fears the gods, and imagines God.  In the Br[=a]hmanas man subdues the gods, and fears God.  In the Upanishads man ignores the gods, and becomes God.[1]