The geographical centre is now changed, and instead of the Punj[=a]b, the ‘middle district’ becomes the seat of culture.  Nor is there much difference between the district to which can be referred the rise of the Yajur Veda and that of the Br[=a]hmanas.  No less altered is the religion.  All is now symbolical, and the gods, though in general they are the gods of the Rig Veda, are not the same as of old.  The priests have become gods.  The old appellation of ‘spirit,’ asura, is confined to evil spirits.  There is no longer any such ‘henotheism’ as that of the Rig Veda.  The Father-god, ‘lord of beings,’ or simply ’the father,’ is the chief god.  The last thought of the Rig Veda is the first thought of the Yajur Veda.  Other changes have taken place.  The demigods of the older period, the water-nymphs of the Rik, here become seductive goddesses, whose increase of power in this art agrees with the decline of the warrior spirit that is shown too in the whole mode of thinking.  Most important is the gradual rise of Vishnu and the first appearance of Civa.  Here brahma, which in the Rik has the meaning ‘prayer’ alone, is no longer mere prayer, but, as in later literature, holiness.  In short, before the Br[=a]hmanas are reached they are perceptible in the near distance, in the Veda of Formulae, the Yajus;[4] for between the Yajur Veda and the Br[=a]hmanas there is no essential difference.  The latter consist of explanations of the sacrificial liturgy, interspersed with legends, bits of history, philosophical explanations, and other matter more or less related to the subject.  They are completed by the Forest Books, [=A]ranyakas, which contain the speculations of the later theosophy, the Upanishads (below).  It is with the Yajur Veda and its nearly related literature, the Br[=a]hmanas, that Brahmanism really begins.  Of these latter the most important in age and content are the Br[=a]hmanas (of the Rig Veda and Yajur Veda), called [=A]itareya and Cata-patha, the former representing the western district, the latter, in great part, a more eastern region.

Although the ‘Northerners’ are still respectfully referred to, yet, as we have just said, the people among whom arose the Br[=a]hmanas are not settled in the Punj[=a]b, but in the country called the ’middle district,’ round about the modern Delhi.  For the most part the Punj[=a]b is abandoned; or rather, the literature of this period does not emanate from the Aryans that remained in the Punj[=a]b, but from the still emigrating descendants of the old Vedic people that used to live there.  Some stay behind and keep the older practices, not in all regards looked upon as orthodox by their more advanced brethren, who have pushed east and now live in the country called the land of the Kurus and Pa[.n]c[=a]las.[5] They are spread farther east, along the banks of the Jumna and Ganges, south of Nep[=a]l; while some are still about and south of the holy Kurukshetra or ‘plain of Kurus.’  East of the middle district