The Chinese delegation, which worked vigorously and indefatigably and won over a considerable number of backers, argued that Kiaochow had ceased to belong to Germany on the day when China declared war on that state, inasmuch as all their treaties, including the lease of Kiaochow, were abrogated by that declaration, and the ownership of every rood of Chinese territory held by Germany reverted in law to China, and should therefore be handed over to her, and not to Japan.  To this plea Baron Makino returned the answer that with the surrender of Tsingtao to Japan in 1914[249] the whole imperial German protectorates of Shantung had passed to that Power, China being still a neutral.  Consequently the entry of China into the war in 1917 could not affect the status of the province which already belonged to Nippon by right of conquest.  As a matter of alleged fact, this capture of the protectorates by the Japanese had been specially desired by the British government, in order to prevent Germany from ceding it to China.  If that move meant anything, therefore, it meant that neither China nor Germany had or could have any hold on the territory once it was captured by Japan.  Further, this conquest was effected at the cost of vast sums of money and two thousand Japanese lives.

Nor was that all.  In the year 1915[250] China signed an agreement with Japan, undertaking “to recognize all matters that may be agreed upon between the Japanese government and the German government respecting the disposition of all the rights, interests, and concessions which, in virtue of treaties or otherwise, Germany possesses vis-a-vis China, in relation to the province of Shantung.”  This treaty, the Chinese delegates answered, was extorted by force.  Japan, having vainly sought to obtain it by negotiations that lasted nearly four months, finally presented an ultimatum,[251] giving China forty-eight hours in which to accept it.  She had no alternative.  But at least she made it known to the world that she was being coerced.  It was on the day on which that document was signed that the Japanese representative in Peking sent a spontaneous declaration to the Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs, promising to return the leased territory to China on condition that all Kiaochow be opened as a commercial port, that a Japanese settlement be established, and also an international settlement, if the Powers desired it, and that an arrangement be made beforehand between the Chinese and Japanese governments with regard to “the disposal of German public establishments and populations, and with regard to other conditions and procedures.”