from a reverent feeling, so planned that the old site of the religious houses should remain clear and undesecrated.  From old conveyances we find that 20s. per yard frontage was paid for the site of some of the houses in the square, and up to 40s. in Bull Street; the back plots, including the Friends’ burial ground (once gardens to the front houses) being valued at 1s. to 2s. per yard.  Some of the covenants between the vendor and the purchasers are very curious, such as that the latter “shall and will for ever hereafter putt and keep good bars of iron or wood, or otherwise secure all the lights and windows that are or shall be, that soe any children or others may not or cannot creep through, gett, or come through such lights or windows into or upon the same piece of land.”  Here appears the motive for the erection of the iron railings so closely placed in front of the old houses.  Another covenant was against “putting there any muckhill or dunghill places, pigstyes or workhouses, shopps or places that shall he noysome or stink, or be nautionse or troublesome,” and also to have there “no butcher’s or smith’s slaughter house or smithey harth.”  One of the corner houses, originally called “the Angle House,” was sold in 1791 for L420; in 1805 it realised L970; in 1843, L1,330? and in 1853, L2,515.  The centre of the Square was enclosed and neatly kept as a garden with walks across, for the use of the inhabitants there, but (possibly it was “nobody’s business”) in course of time it became neglected, and we have at least one instance, in 1832, of its being the scene of a public demonstration.  About the time of the Parliamentary election in that year, the carriageway round the Square had been newly macadamised, and on the polling day, when Dempster Heming opposed William Stratford Dugdale, the stones were found very handy, and were made liberal use of, as per the usual order of the day at that time on such occasions.  The trees and railings were removed in 1836 or 1837 in consequence of many accidents occurring there, the roadways being narrow and very dangerous from the numerous angles, the Street Commissioners undertaking to give the inhabitants a wide and handsome flagging as a footpath on all sides of the square, conditionally with the freeholders of the property giving up their rights to and share in the enclosure.

Omnibuses.—­The first omnibus was started in 1828, by Mr. Doughty, a fishmonger, and its route lay between the White Swan, Snow Hill, to the Sun, in Bristol Road.  In 1836 an “Omnibus Conveyance Co,” was proposed, with a magnificent capital of L5,000.  The projectors would have been a little startled if they could have seen the prospectuses of some of our modern conveyance companies.—­See “Tramways.”

Open Spaces.—­March 8, 1883, saw the formation of the Birmingham Association for the Prevention of Open Spaces and Public Footpaths, the object of which is to be the securing of the rights of the public to the open spots, footpaths, and green places, which, for generations, have belonged to them.  There are few such left in the borough now, but the Association may find plenty to do in the near neighbourhood, and if its members can but save us one or two of the old country walks they will do good service to the community.