CHAPTER 2

THE “GREENBACK” PERIOD, 1862-1879

The few national trade unions which were formed at the close of the fifties did not constitute by themselves a labor movement.  It needed the industrial prosperity caused by the price inflation of the Civil War time to bring forth again a mass movement of labor.

We shall say little of labor’s attitude towards the question of war and peace before the War had started.  Like many other citizens of the North and the Border States the handful of organized workers favored a compromise.  They held a labor convention in Philadelphia, in which a great labor leader of the sixties, William H. Sylvis, President of the International Molders’ Union, took a prominent part and pronounced in favor of the compromise solution advanced by Congressman Crittenden of Kentucky.  But no sooner had Fort Sumter been fired upon by the secessionists than labor rallied to the support of the Federal Union.  Entire local unions enlisted at the call of President Lincoln, and Sylvis himself assisted in recruiting a company composed of molders.

The first effect of the War was a paralysis of business and an increase of unemployment.  The existing labor organizations nearly all went to the wall.  The period of industrial stagnation, however, lasted only until the middle of 1862.

The legal tender acts of 1862 and 1863 authorized the issue of paper currency of “greenbacks” to the amount of $1,050,000,000, and immediately prices began to soar.  For the next sixteen years, namely until 1879, when the government resumed the redemption of greenbacks in gold, prices of commodities and labor expressed in terms of paper money showed varying degrees of inflation; hence the term “greenback” period.  During the War the advance in prices was due in part to the extraordinary demand by the government for the supply of the army and, of course, to speculation.

In July 1863, retail prices were 43 percent above those of 1860 and wages only 12 percent above; in July 1864, retail prices rose to 70 percent and wages to 30 percent above 1860; and in July 1865, prices rose to 76 percent and wages only to 50 percent above the level of 1860.  The unequal pace of the price movement drove labor to organize along trade-union lines.

The order observed in the thirties was again followed out.  First came a flock of local trade unions; these soon combined in city centrals—­or as they came to be called, trades’ assemblies—­paralleling the trades’ union of the thirties; and lastly, came an attempt to federate the several trades’ assemblies into an International Industrial Assembly of North America.  Local trade unions were organized literally in every trade beginning in the second half of 1862.  The first trades’ assembly was formed in Rochester, New York, in March 1863; and before long there was one in every town of importance.  The International Industrial Assembly was attempted in 1864, but failed to live up to the expectations:  The time had passed for a national federation of city centrals.  As in the thirties the spread of unionism over the breadth of the land called out as a counterpart a widespread movement of employers’ associations.  The latter differed, however, from their predecessors in the thirties in that they made little use of the courts in their fight against the unions.