itself in the course of time, the Russian literature has perhaps not yet produced a single work of great and decided original value.  The best works which they have, are imitations; and he is the most distinguished writer whose discernment leads him to choose the best model.  No doubt, the present standing of the Russian literature in general would have been much lower, and its extent especially would have been much smaller, than it now is, had the Russian genius been permitted to break its own way through the darkness; but there is still less doubt, that in this case it would have preserved its original peculiarity, that wonderful blending of the East and the West, of Asiatic suppleness and European energy, of which their popular songs give such affecting, and in some cases powerful specimens.

Peter, without delay, caused many books to be translated into Russian, from the German, French, English, and Dutch languages.  The haste however with which this was performed, and the greater attention of the Tzar to the matter than to the form, had the natural consequence, that most of these translations were miserable productions, executed without the least regard for the language itself.  Peter’s only object was to enable his subjects to become a reading people, and to communicate to them useful knowledge through the medium of books.  Beauties of style, and even mere purity of language, belong in a certain measure to the luxuries of literature; the Tzar thought only of utility.

These innovations in literature found of course a great many opponents among the clergy; but there were some enlightened priests, among those who held the highest standing in the church, who favoured in general the Tzar’s plan.  The field of theology became somewhat more cultivated during this period.  Theophan Prokovitch, archbishop of Novogorod, ob. 1736, alone wrote sixty works, of which however only about half were printed.  He was Peter’s faithful assistant; and not only his learning and mental gifts, but his high moral character, gained him a decided influence.  He was styled the Russian Chrysostom.

The metropolitan of Rostof, called the holy Demetrius, ob. 1709, was likewise a very productive theological writer.  He was considered by his contemporaries as a true pattern of Christianity; and was equally distinguished for his learning.  The metropolitan Stephen Javorsky, ob. 1722, was celebrated for his eloquence in the pulpit.  Gabriel Bushinsky, bishop of Rjazan and Murom, ob. 1731, was not only a theological writer, but translated also works on history.  A remarkable example in this period, is Elias Kopiyevsky,[19] ob. 1701, who studied theology in Holland, and became a protestant, and afterwards a pastor at Amsterdam.  He aided zealously in Peter’s great work of translations.  Several historical and philological works translated by him, were published by Tessing.  Luther’s Catechism was translated about the