and juridical courses, which, according to law, comprise each four years, a previous preparation of two years spent in philosophical studies is required by the government.  Thus the regular course of an Austrian student lasts six years.  The same measures were taken to Germanize Cracow during the Austrian administration; but when in 1815 Cracow became a free city, it parted with all its German professors, and became again a genuine Polish university.]

[Footnote 44:  From the account given of the state of the Polish common people in note 42 above, we must conclude that this number is very small.  Mr. Ljach Szyrma, the author of Letters on Poland, (Edinb. 1823,) says:  “The lower classes, unfortunately, do not enjoy the advantage of being proportionally benefited by the learning requisite to their social condition.  The parish schools are not sufficient to improve them in this respect; and the village schools, upon which their hopes chiefly rest, are not numerous.”]

[Footnote 45:  Witwicki in Wieczory pielgrzyma, Paris 1837.]

[Footnote 46:  P. 254.]

[Footnote 47:  His works, which have never been collected, are enumerated in Bentkowski’s History of Polish literature.  Konarski was the first who ventured publicly to assail the liberum veto.]

[Footnote 48:  Nancy 1733.]

[Footnote 49:  This celebrated library was transferred to St. Petersburg at the dismemberment of Poland, and had not yet been restored.]

[Footnote 50:  The Czartoryskis may justly be called the Polish Medici, from the liberal patronage which the accomplished members of this family have ever given to talent and literary merit.  Their celebrated seat, Pulawi, the subject of many songs, and also of an episode in Delille’s Jardins, was destroyed by the Russians in the late war, and its literary treasures are said to have been carried to St. Petersburg.]

[Footnote 51:  The title of the former work is O wymowie i stylu, Warsaw 1815-16.  Another work is Pochwaly, mowy i rozprowy, i.e.  Eulogies, Speeches, and Essays, among which are nine on Polish literature, Warsaw 1816.  Stanislaus Potocki was also the principal mover in the publication of the splendid work Monumenta regum Poloniae Cracoviensia, Warsaw 1822.  Stanislaus Kostka P. must not be confounded with Stanislaus Felix P. his cousin, one of the most obstinate advocates of the ancient constitution and its corruptions, who sold his country to Russia.]

[Footnote 52:  His complete works are to be found in the great collection of count Mostowski, Warsaw 1804-5, 12 volumes.  They appeared in 1824 at Breslau in a stereotype edition, in six volumes.  Poetical works, Warsaw 1778.]