to good Americans than has happened to men in any other country; and this belief, vague, innocent, and uninformed though it be, is the expression of an essential constituent in our national ideal.  The past should mean less to a European than it does to an American, and the future should mean more.  To be sure, American life cannot with impunity be wrenched violently from its moorings any more than the life of a European country can; but our American past, compared to that of any European country, has a character all its own.  Its peculiarity consists, not merely in its brevity, but in the fact that from the beginning it has been informed by an idea.  From the beginning Americans have been anticipating and projecting a better future.  From the beginning the Land of Democracy has been figured as the Land of Promise.  Thus the American’s loyalty to the national tradition rather affirms than denies the imaginative projection of a better future.  An America which was not the Land of Promise, which was not informed by a prophetic outlook and a more or less constructive ideal, would not be the America bequeathed to us by our forefathers.  In cherishing the Promise of a better national future the American is fulfilling rather than imperiling the substance of the national tradition.

When, however, Americans talk of their country as the Land of Promise, a question may well be raised as to precisely what they mean.  They mean, of course, in general, that the future will have something better in store for them individually and collectively than has the past or the present; but a very superficial analysis of this meaning discloses certain ambiguities.  What are the particular benefits which this better future will give to Americans either individually or as a nation?  And how is this Promise to be fulfilled?  Will it fulfill itself, or does it imply certain responsibilities?  If so, what responsibilities?  When we speak of a young man’s career as promising, we mean that his abilities and opportunities are such that he is likely to become rich or famous or powerful; and this judgment does not of course imply, so far as we are concerned, any responsibility.  It is merely a prophecy based upon past performances and proved qualities.  But the career, which from the standpoint of an outsider is merely an anticipation, becomes for the young man himself a serious task.  For him, at all events, the better future will not merely happen.  He will have to do something to deserve it.  It may be wrecked by unforeseen obstacles, by unsuspected infirmities, or by some critical error of judgment.  So it is with the Promise of American life.  From the point of view of an immigrant this Promise may consist of the anticipation of a better future, which he can share merely by taking up his residence on American soil; but once he has become an American, the Promise can no longer remain merely an anticipation.  It becomes in that case a responsibility, which requires for its fulfillment a certain kind of behavior on the part of himself and his fellow-Americans.  And when we attempt to define the Promise of American life, we are obliged, also, to describe the kind of behavior which the fulfillment of the Promise demands.