All useful and beautiful thoughts, in like manner, are the issue of labour, of study, of observation, of research, of diligent elaboration.  The noblest poem cannot be elaborated, and send down its undying strains into the future, without steady and painstaking labour.  No great work has ever been done “at a heat.”  It is the result of repeated efforts, and often of many failures.  One generation begins, and another continues—­the present co-operating with the past.  Thus, the Parthenon began with a mud-hut; the Last Judgment with a few scratches on the sand.  It is the same with individuals of the race; they begin with abortive efforts, which, by means of perseverance, lead to successful issues.

The history of industry is uniform in the character of its illustrations.  Industry enables the poorest man to achieve honour, if not distinction.  The greatest names in the history of art, literature, and science, are those of labouring men.  A working instrument-maker gave us the steam-engine; a barber, the spinning-machine; a weaver, the mule; a pitman perfected the locomotive;—­and working men of all grades have, one after another, added to the triumphs of mechanical skill.

By the working man, we do not mean merely the man who labours with his muscles and sinews.  A horse can do this.  But he is pre-eminently the working man who works with his brain also, and whose whole physical system is under the influence of his higher faculties.  The man who paints a picture, who writes a book, who makes a law, who creates a poem, is a working man of the highest order,—­not so necessary to the physical sustainment of the community as the ploughman or the shepherd; but not less important as providing for society its highest intellectual nourishment.

Having said so much of the importance and the necessity of industry, let us see what uses are made of the advantages derivable from it.  It is clear that man would have continued uncivilized but for the accumulations of savings made by his forefathers,—­the savings of skill, of art, of invention, and of intellectual culture.

It is the savings of the world that have made the civilization of the world.  Savings are the result of labour; and it is only when labourers begin to save, that the results of civilization accumulate.  We have said that thrift began with civilization:  we might almost have said that thrift produced civilization.  Thrift produces capital; and capital is the conserved result of labour.  The capitalist is merely a man who does not spend all that is earned by work.

But thrift is not a natural instinct.  It is an acquired principle of conduct.  It involves self-denial—­the denial of present enjoyment for future, good—­the subordination of animal appetite to reason, forethought, and prudence.  It works for to-day, but also provides for to-morrow.  It invests the capital it has saved, and makes provision for the future.