valleys and uplands in which sufficient food could be grown for the needs of the population, while the cities with their thick and lofty walls were strongholds difficult to approach and still more difficult to capture.  The climate was bracing, though the winters were cold, and it reared a race of hardy warriors and industrious agriculturists.  The want of water was the only difficulty; in most cases the people were dependent on rain-water, which they preserved in cisterns cut out of the rock.

This block of southern mountains was the first and latest stronghold of Israel.  It constituted, in fact, the kingdoms of Samaria and Judah.  Out of it, at Shechem, came the first attempt to found a monarchy in Israel, and thus unite the Israelitish tribes; out of it also came the second and more successful attempt under Saul the Benjamite and David the Jew.  The Israelites never succeeded in establishing themselves on the sea-coast, and their possession of the plain of Megiddo and the southern slopes of the Lebanon was a source of weakness and not of strength.  It led eventually to the overthrow of the kingdom of Samaria.  The northern tribes in Galilee were absorbed by the older population, and their country became “Galilee of the Gentiles,” rather than an integral part of Israel.  The plain of Megiddo was long held by the Canaanites, and up to the last was exposed to invasion from the sea-coast.  It was, in fact, the battle-field of Palestine.  The army of the invader or the conqueror marched along the edge of the sea, not through the rugged paths and dangerous defiles of the mountainous interior, and the plain of Megiddo was the pass which led them into its midst.  The possession of the plain cut off the mountaineers of the north from their brethren in the south, and opened the way into the heart of the mountains themselves.

But to possess the plain was also to possess chariots and horsemen, and a large and disciplined force.  The guerilla warfare of the mountaineer was here of no avail.  Success lay on the side of the more numerous legions and the wealthier state, on the side of the assailant and not of the assailed.

Herein lay the advantage of the kingdom of Judah.  It was a compact state, with no level plain to defend, no outlying territories to protect.  Its capital stood high upon the mountains, strongly fortified by nature and difficult of access.  While Samaria fell hopelessly and easily before the armies of Assyria, Jerusalem witnessed the fall of Nineveh itself.

What was true of the later days of Israelitish history was equally true of the age of the patriarchs.  The strength of Palestine lay in its southern highlands; whoever gained possession of these was master of the whole country, and the road lay open before him to Sinai and Egypt.  But to gain possession of them was the difficulty, and campaign after campaign was needed before they could be reduced to quiet submission.  In the time of the eighteenth Egyptian dynasty Jerusalem was already the key to Southern Palestine.