The lists begin with Kadesh on the Orontes, the head of the confederacy, the defeat of which laid Canaan at the feet of the Pharaoh.  Then comes Megiddo, where the decisive battle took place, and the forces of the king of Kadesh were overthrown.  Next we have Khazi, mentioned also in the Tel el-Amarna tablets, from which we learn that it was in the hill-country south of Megiddo.  It may be the Gaza of 1 Chron. vii. 28 which was supplanted by Shechem in Israelitish days.  Kitsuna, the Kuddasuna of the Tel el-Amarna tablets, follows:  where it stood we do not know.  The next name, “the Spring of Shiu,” is equally impossible to identify.  The sixth name, however, is Tubikhu, about which the cuneiform tablets of Tel el-Amarna have told us a good deal, and which seems to be the Tibhath of 1 Chron. xviii. 8.  It was in Coele-Syria like Kamta, the Kumidi of the tablets, which follows in one list, though its place is taken by the unknown Bami in another.  After this we have the names of Tuthina (perhaps Dothan), Lebana, and Kirjath-niznau, followed by Marum or Merom the modern Meirom, by Tamasqu or Damascus, by the Abel of Atar, and by Hamath.  Aqidu, the seventeenth name, is unknown, but Mr. Tomkins is probably right in thinking that the next name, that of Shemnau, must be identified with the Shimron of Josh. xix. 15, where the Septuagint reads Symeon.  That this reading is correct is shown by the fact that in the days of Josephus and the Talmud the place was called Simonias, while the modern name is Semunieh.  The tablets of Tel el-Amarna make it Samkhuna.

Six unknown names come next, the first of which is a Beeroth, or “Wells.”  Then we have Mesekh, “the place of unction,” called Musikhuna in the Tel el-Amarna correspondence, Qana and ’Arna.  Both Qana and ’Arna appear in the account of the battle before Megiddo, and must have been in the immediate neighbourhood of that city.  One of the affluents of the Kishon flowed past Qana, while ’Arna was hidden in a defile.  It was there that the tent of Thothmes was pitched two days before the great battle.  The brook of Qana seems to have been the river Qanah of to-day, and ’Arna may be read ’Aluna.

We are now transported to the eastern bank of the Jordan, to ’Astartu in the land of Bashan, the Ashtaroth-Karnaim of Genesis, the Tel ’Ashtarah of modern geography.  With ’Astartu is coupled Anau-repa, explained by Mr. Tomkins to be “On of the Rephaim” (Gen. xiv. 5).  At any rate it is clearly the Raphon or Raphana of classical writers, the Er-Rafeh of to-day.  Next we have Maqata, called Makhed in the First Book of Maccabees, and now known as Mukatta; Lus or Lius, the Biblical Laish, which under its later name of Dan became the northern limit of the Israelitish kingdom; and Hazor, the stronghold of Jabin, whose king we hear of in the Tel el-Amarna tablets.  Then come Pahil or Pella, east of the Jordan, famous in the annals of early Christianity; Kennartu, the Chinneroth of the Old Testament (Josh.