to manage as best it might.  The door of the living was made more or less important, according to the greater or less development of the chamber to which it led.  The chamber and door are in some cases represented by only a shallow recess decorated with a stela and a table of offerings (fig. 114).  This is sometimes protected by a wall which projects from the facade, thus forming a kind of forecourt open to the north.  The forecourt is square in the tomb of Kaapir (fig. 114), and irregular in that of Neferhotep at Sakkarah (fig. 116).  When the plan includes one or more chambers, the door sometimes opens in the middle of a small architectural facade (fig. 117), or under a little portico supported by two square pillars without either base or abacus (fig. 118).  The doorway is very simple, the two jambs being ornamented with bas-reliefs representing the deceased, and surmounted by a cylindrical drum engraved with his name and titles.  In the tomb of Pohunika at Sakkarah the jambs are two pilasters, each crowned with two lotus flowers; but this example is, so far, unique.

[Illustration:  Fig. 116.—­Plan of forecourt, mastaba of Neferhotep.]

[Illustration:  Fig. 117.—­Door in facade of mastaba.]

[Illustration:  Fig. 118.—­Portico and door, from Mariette’s Les Mastabahs.]

[Illustration:  Fig. 119.—­Plan of chapel in mastaba of Khabiusokari, Fourth Dynasty.]

[Illustration:  Fig. 120.—­Plan of chapel in mastaba of Ti, Fifth Dynasty.]

[Illustration:  Fig. 121.—­Plan of chapel in mastaba of Shepsesptah, Fourth Dynasty.]

[Illustration:  Fig. 122.—­Plan of chapel in mastaba of Affi, Sakkarah, Fourth Dynasty.]

The chapel was usually small, and lost in the mass of the building (fig. 119), but no precise rule determined its size.  In the tomb of Ti there is first a portico (A), then a square ante-chamber with pillars (B), then a passage (C) with a small room (D) on the right, leading to the last chamber (E) (fig. 120).  There was room enough in this tomb for many persons, and, in point of fact, the wife of Ti reposed by the side of her husband.  When the monument belonged to only one person, the structure was less complicated.  A short and narrow passage led to an oblong chamber upon which it opened at right angles, so that the place is in shape of a T (fig. 121).  The end wall is generally smooth; but sometimes it is recessed just opposite the entrance passage, and then the plan forms a cross, of which the head is longer or shorter (fig. 122).  This was the ordinary arrangement, but the architect was free to reject it, if he so pleased.  Here, a chapel consists of two parallel lobbies connected by a cross passage (fig. 123).  Elsewhere, the chamber opens from a corner of the passage (fig. 124).  Again, in the tomb of Ptahhotep, the site was hemmed in by older buildings, and was not large enough.  The builders therefore joined the new mastaba to the older one in such wise as to give them one entrance in common, and thus the chapel of the one is enlarged by absorbing the whole of the space occupied by the other (fig. 125).