alike.  Wherever the upper floors still remain standing, they reproduce the ground-floor plan with scarcely any differences.  These upper rooms were reached by an outside staircase, steep and narrow, and divided at short intervals by small square landings.  The rooms were oblong, and were lighted only from the doorway; when it was decided to open windows on the street, they were mere air-holes near the ceiling, pierced without regularity or symmetry, fitted with a lattice of wooden cross bars, and secured by wooden shutters.  The floors were bricked or paved, or consisted still more frequently of merely a layer of rammed earth.  The rooms were not left undecorated; the mud-plaster of the walls, generally in its native grey, although whitewashed in some cases, was painted with red or yellow, and ornamented with drawings of interior and exterior views of a house, and of household vessels and eatables (fig. 10).  The roof was flat, and made probably, as at the present day, of closely laid rows of palm-branches covered with a coating of mud thick enough to withstand the effects of rain.  Sometimes it was surmounted by only one or two of the usual Egyptian ventilators; but generally there was a small washhouse on the roof (fig. 9), and a little chamber for the slaves or guards to sleep in.  The household fire was made in a hollow of the earthen floor, usually to one side of the room, and the smoke escaped through a hole in the ceiling; branches of trees, charcoal, and dried cakes of ass or cow dung were used for fuel.

[Illustration:  Fig. 10.—­Wall-painting in a Twelfth Dynasty house.  Below is a view of the outside, and above a view of the inside of a dwelling.  Reproduced from Plate XVI. of Illahun, Kahun, and Gurob, W.M.F.  Petrie.]

[Illustration:  Fig. 11.—­View of mansion from the tomb of Anna, Eighteenth Dynasty.]

The mansions of the rich and great covered a large space of ground.  They most frequently stood in the midst of a garden, or of an enclosed court planted with trees; and, like the commoner houses, they turned a blank front to the street, consisting of bare walls, battlemented like those of a fortress (fig. 11).  Thus, home-life was strictly secluded, and the pleasure of seeing was sacrificed for the advantages of not being seen.  The door was approached by a flight of two or three steps, or by a porch supported on columns (fig. 12) and adorned with statues (fig. 13), which gave it a monumental appearance, and indicated the social importance of the family.

[Illustration:  WALL-PAINTINGS, EL AMARNA.  Fig. 12.—­Porch of mansion, second Theban period, Fig. 13.—­Porch of mansion, second Theban period.]