The first expectation after the usurpation of the Restored Rump had been that there would be a civil war between the Protectoratists and the Rumpers.  For, though Fleetwood, Desborough, and the other Army-officers at the centre, had been the agents in Richard’s downfall and had joined with the Republicans in restoring the Rump, the chances of the Protectorate were by no means exhausted by their defection.  While Richard lingered at Whitehall, his Protectorship could not be said to be extinct, and whatever of Cromwellianism survived anywhere apart from the central English Army might be rallied for the rescue.  There was Henry Cromwell and the Army in Ireland; there was Monk and the Army in Scotland; there was Lockhart and the Army in Flanders; there was the fleet under Admiral Montague, a man marked even among Cromwellians for the ardour of his devotion to Cromwell and his family; and there were other Cromwellians of influence, dispersed from London by the recent events, and carrying their resentment with them wherever they went.  Broghill and Coote were back in Ireland; Ingoldsby was on a visit to Ireland to consult with Henry Cromwell; Falconbridge was in country-seclusion; and the Marquis of Argyle (a Londoner and client of the Protectorate for some years) was back furtively in Scotland, to avoid arrest for his debts, and try new scheming.  Then, if there could be a combination of such elements, what masses of diffused material on which to work!  There was the great body of the English Presbyterians, reconciled to Oliver’s rule completely before his death, and desiring nothing better now than a continuation of the Protectoral system; there were the orderly and conservative classes generally, including many Anglicans who had ceased to be Royalists; and there were one knows not how many scattered Cromwellians, whether in civil life or in the Army, whose Cromwellianism was, like Montague’s, less a political creed than a passionate private hero-worship.  Nor was this all.  Louis XIV, and Mazarin were Cromwellians too for the nonce, faithful to the memory of the great man whose alliance they had courted, and ready to lend the armed aid of France, if necessary, to the support of his dynasty.  No one had been watching the course of events in England more coolly than M. de Bordeaux, the French Ambassador in London; and through.  May and part of June 1659 his letters to Mazarin show amply the nature of his communications with Richard and Thurloe.  “I have frequently renewed my offers of the King’s assistance,” he wrote to the Cardinal on the 16th of May, nine days after the first meeting of the Restored Rump and eleven days before Richard’s abdication; and again, more distinctly, on the 19th, “Having yesterday contrived to get an interview with him [Thurloe] in the country, I assured him that the King would spare neither money nor troops in order to re-establish the Protector, if there were any likelihood of success,” The Ambassador, it is true, had conceived the bold