number that re-appeared, including fifteen out of the twenty-three Regicides on the list, had been in retirement during the intervening governments from 1653 to 1659, about two-thirds had not kept themselves so immaculate in that interval, but had served in the Barebones Parliament or in the Parliaments of the Protectorate.  A good many of these, indeed—­e.g.  Birch, John Goodwyn, Harvey, Hasilrig, Lister, Lucy, Mildmay, Scott, and Thorpe had done so avowedly with Republican motives; but, on the other hand, some—­e.g.  Colonel Philip Jones, Pickering, Prideaux, St. John, Skippon, the two Stricklands, Sydenham, and Whitlocke—­had merged their Republicanism in Oliverianism, had been courtiers of Cromwell, and had taken honours from him.  The Restored Rump could be described as unanimously a Republican body, therefore, only in the sense that many in it had never swerved from pure Republican principles, and that the rest were willing now to go back to such.  Be it observed, finally, that the number 122 represents the hypothetical strength of the Restored House rather than its real strength.  In the only division in the House before the day of Richard’s abdication the Journals show but forty-four as present and voting; nor do the records of divisions through the whole duration of the House ever show more than seventy six as thus effectively present at any one sitting.  Only five or six times are as many as sixty noted as present and voting.  One infers that many of the members, after having begun attending, ceased to do so, from indifference, or from dislike to what was going on.[1]

[Footnote 1:  Commons Journals of May 13, 1659, with the recorded divisions in the Journals for the whole session.]

A very considerable proportion of the effective attendance in the House must have been furnished by the presence in it of those members who were members also of the Council of State.  This body, appointed by the House, May 13-16, to be an executive for the restored Rump Government, consisted of twenty-one Parliamentary and ten non-Parliamentary members.  They were as follows, the asterisks again denoting Regicides:—­

  Parliamentary Members
  (In the order of the number of votes they obtained in the ballot).

Sir Arthur Hasilrig, Bart.  Sir Henry Vane Colonel Lieut.-General Ludlow Lieut.-General Fleetwood Major Richard Salway Colonel Herbert Morley Thomas Scott Colonel Robert Wallop Sir James Harrington Colonel Valentine Walton Colonel John Jones Colonel William Sydenham Algernon Sidney Henry Neville Thomas Challoner Colonel John Downes Lord Chief Justice St. John George Thompson Lord Commissioner Whitlocke Colonel John Dixwell Robert Reynolds Non-Parliamentary Members.

  Seven appointed without ballot.

  Thomas, Lord Fairfax O^1, R
  Major-General Lambert O^1, O^2, R
  Colonel John Desborough O^1, O^2, L
  Colonel James Berry O^2, L
  John Bradshaw _O^1_, _O^2[t]_, _R_
  Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, Bart. _B_, _O^1_,
    _O^2[t]_, _R_
  Sir Horatio Townshend _R_