shouting “The Devil is dead”; the alliance between the English Commonwealth and the United Provinces had recently been on strain almost to snapping; what if, on the new opportunity, the policy of the States-General should veer openly towards the Stuart interest?  All this was in the calculations of Hyde and his fellow-exiles, and it was their main disappointment that the quiet acceptance and seeming stability of the new Protectorate at home prevented the spring against it of such foreign possibilities.  “I hope this young man will not inherit his father’s fortune,” wrote Hyde in the fifth month after Richard’s accession, “but that some confusion will fall out which must make open a door for us.”  The speculation was more likely than even Hyde then knew.  Underneath the great apparent calm at home the beginnings of a confusion at the very centre were already at work.[1]

[Footnote 1:  Thurloe, VII. 405 and 414; Guizot’s Richard Cromwell and the Restoration (English edition of 1856), I. 6-11.]

It will be well at this point to have before us a list of the most conspicuous props and assessors of the new Protectorate.  The name Oliverians being out of date now, they may be called The Cromwellians.  We shall arrange them in groups:—­

I. THE COUNCIL.

  Lord President Lawrence. 
  Lord Lieutenant-General Fleetwood (his Highness’s brother-in-law). 
  Lord Major-General Desborough (his Highness’s uncle-in-law). 
  Lord Sydenham (Colonel). 
  Lord Pickering (Chamberlain of the Household). 
  Lord Strickland. 
  Lord Skippon. 
  Lord Fiennes (one of the Commissioners of the Great Seal). 
  Lord Viscount Lisle. 
  Lord Admiral Montague. 
  Lord Wolseley. 
  Lord Philip Jones (Comptroller of the Household). 
  Mr. Secretary Thurloe.[1]

[Footnote 1:  On comparing this list of Richard’s Council with the list of the Council in Oliver’s Second Protectorate (ante p. 308) two names will be missed—­those of the EARL of MULGRAVE and old FRANCIS ROUS.  The Earl of Mulgrave had died Aug. 28, 1658, five days before Cromwell himself.  The venerable Rous only just survived.  He died Jan. 7, 1658-9, and is hardly to be counted in the present list.  Richard’s father-in-law, RICHARD MAYOR, though still alive and nominally in the Council, had retired from active life.]

II.  NEAR ADVISERS, NOT OF THE COUNCIL.

  Lord Viscount Falconbridge (his Highness’s brother-in-law). 
  Lord Viscount Howard (Colonel). 
  Lord Richard Ingoldsby (Colonel). 
  Lord Whitlocke (still a much respected Cromwellian, and conjoined
      with Fiennes and Lisle in the Commission of the Great Seal,
      Jan. 22, 1658-9). 
  Lord Commissioner John Lisle. 
  Lord Chief Justice Glynne. 
  Lord Chief Justice St. John. 
  William Pierrepoint. 
  Sir Edmund Prideaux (Attorney General). 
  Sir William Bills (Solicitor General). 
  Sir Oliver Fleming (Master of the Ceremonies). 
  Sir Richard Chiverton (Lord Mayor of London). 
  Dr. John Wilkins (his Highness’s uncle-in-law). 
  Dr. John Owen. 
  Dr. Thomas Goodwin.