acknowledgment after his assent to all the Bills (Speech XV.), were “Two Bills for an Assessment towards the defraying of the charge of the Spanish war and other occasions of the Commonwealth.”  One was for L60,000 a month from England for the three months ending June 24; the other for an assessment of L20,000 from Ireland for the same three months.  These were instalments of a lump sum of L400,000, which the House had voted as long ago as Jan. 30, 1656-7, for the carrying on of the Spanish war, and the remainder of which was to be raised in other ways.  The House had already before it a general Bill for the continued assessment of England, Scotland, and Ireland, for Army and Navy purposes, beyond the period specified; but that Bill had not yet passed.[1]

[Footnote 1:  Commons Journals of dates; Scobell’s Acts and Ordinances of 1656, given in mass in his book, Part II. p. 371 et seq.  See especially there, pp. 389-395.]

Army and Navy purposes, and the carrying on of the Spanish War:  these, through all the bustle of the Kingship question, had still been the deepest things in Cromwell’s mind.  His alliance with France, settled so far by the Treaty of Peace and Commerce dated Oct. 24, 1655, but much imperilled since by Mazarin’s dexterity in evasion and his occasional oscillations towards Spain, had at length, by Lockhart’s exertions, been converted into a great Treaty “offensive and defensive,” signed at Paris, March 23rd, 1656-7, and ratified by Louis XIV.  April 30, and by Cromwell himself May 4, 1657.  By this treaty it was provided that there should be joint action against Spain, by sea and land, for the reduction and capture of Gravelines, Mardyke, and Dunkirk, the three coast-towns of Spanish Flanders adjoining the French territories on the north-east.  Gravelines, if taken, was to belong to France ultimately, but, if taken first, was to be held by the English till Mardyke and Dunkirk were taken—­which two towns were to belong permanently to England, only with stipulation of inviolability of Roman Catholic worship for the inhabitants, and of no further English encroachments on Flanders.  For the joint-enterprise France was to supply 20,000 men, and Cromwell an auxiliary army of 6000 foot (half at the expense of France), besides a fleet for coast-service.  A secret article of the Treaty was that neither power should make separate peace with the Spanish Crown for the space of one year from the date of the Treaty.[1]—­Cromwell had lost no time in fulfilling his part of the engagement.  To command the auxiliary English army in Flanders he had selected Sir John Reynolds, who had served ably heretofore in Ireland, and was now, as we have seen, member for Tipperary and Waterford in the present Parliament, and a strong Oliverian.  His commission was dated April 25; and by May 14 he and his 6000 English foot had all been landed at Boulogne.  They were thought the most splendid body of soldiers in Europe, and were admired and complimented by Louis