plot them accurately because they could get direction rays from one point only.  The Sound itself was covered by cloud most of the time, but Beaufort Island and Franklin Island were clear.  Unlike David’s party, they could see no signs whatever of volcanic action on Mount Bird, which is almost entirely covered with ice on which it was to be expected that some mark might be left.  At 9000 feet Terror looked very imposing, but Mount Bird and Terra Nova were insignificant and uninteresting.  The valley between the old crater and the slopes of the second crater greatly impressed them, and they found a fine little crevassed glacier in it.  Both Priestley and Debenham are of opinion that it is possible to get to Terror by this valley, and that there are no crevassed areas or impossible slopes on the way.  All the same it would probably be more sensible to go from Cape Crozier.

At a point about 9000 feet up, Priestley, Gran, Abbott and Hooper started to make the ascent to the active crater on December 10.  They packed the tent, poles, bags, inner cooker and cooking gear, with four days’ provisions, and reached the second crater at about 11,500 feet, to be hung up by cloud all the next day.  At these altitudes the temperature varied between -10 deg. and -30 deg., though at sea-level simultaneously they were round about freezing-point.  By 1 A.M. on the 12th the conditions were good—­clear, with a southerly wind blowing the steam away from the summit.  The party got away as soon as possible and reached the lip of the active crater in a few hours.  Looking down they were unable to see the bottom, for it was full of steam:  the sides sloped at a steep angle for some 500 feet, when they became sheer precipices:  the opening appeared to be about 14,000 paces round.  The top is mostly pumice, but there is also a lot of kenyte, much the same as at sea-level:  the old crater was mostly kenyte, proving that this is the oldest rock of the island:  felspar crystals must be continually thrown out, for they were lying about on the top of the snow; I have one nearly 31/2 inches long.

Two men went back to the camp, for one had a frost-bitten foot.  This left Priestley and Gran, who tried to boil the hypsometer but failed owing to the wind, which was variable and enveloped them from time to time in steam and sulphur vapour.  They left a record on a cairn and started to return.  But when they had got 500 feet down Priestley found that he had left a tin of exposed films on the top instead of the record.  Gran said he would go back and change it.  He had reached the top when there was a loud explosion:  large blocks of pumice were hurled out with a big smoke cloud; probably a big bubble had burst.  Gran was in the middle of it, heard it gurgle before it burst, saw “blocks of pumiceous lava, in shape like the halves of volcanic bombs, and with bunches of long, drawn-out, hair-like shreds of glass in their interior."[355] This was Pele’s hair.  Gran was a bit sick from sulphur dioxide fumes afterwards.  They reached Cape Royds on the 16th, the very successful trip taking fifteen days.