The Weddell seal which frequents the seas which fringe the Antarctic continent was a standby for most of our wants; for he can at a pinch provide not only meat to eat, fuel for your fire and oil for your lamp, but also leather for your finnesko and an antidote to scurvy.  As he lies out on the sea-ice, a great ungainly shape, nothing short of an actual prod will persuade him to take much notice of an Antarctic explorer.  Even then he is as likely as not to yawn in your face and go to sleep again.  His instincts are all to avoid the water when alarmed, for he knows his enemies the killer whales live there:  but if you drive him into the water he is transformed in the twinkling of an eye into a thing of beauty and grace, which can travel and turn with extreme celerity and which can successfully chase the fish on which he feeds.

We were lucky now in that a small bay of sea-ice, about an acre in extent, still remained within two miles of us at a corner where Barrier, sea, and land meet, called Pram Point by Scott in the Discovery days.

Now Pram Point during the summer months is one of the most populous seal nurseries in McMurdo Sound.  In this neighbourhood the Barrier, moving slowly towards the Peninsula, buckles the sea-ice into pressure ridges.  As the trough of each ridge is forced downwards, so in summer pools of sea water are formed in which the seal make their holes and among these ridges they lie and bask in the sun:  the males fight their battles, the females bring forth their young:  the children play and chase their tails just like kittens.  Now that the sea-ice had broken up, many seal were to be found in this sheltered corner under the green and blue ice-cliffs of Crater Hill.

If you go seal killing you want a big stick, a bayonet, a flensing knife and a steel.  Any big stick will do, so long as it will hit the seal a heavy blow on the nose:  this stuns him and afterwards mercifully he feels no more.  The bayonet knife (which should be fitted into a handle with a cross-piece to prevent the slipping of the hand down on to the blade) should be at least 14 inches long without the handle; this is used to reach the seal’s heart.  Our flensing knives were one foot long including the handle, the blades were seven inches long by 11/4 inches broad:  some were pointed and others round and I do not know which was best.  The handles should be of wood as being warmer to hold.

Killing and cutting up seals is a gruesome but very necessary business, and the provision of suitable implements is humane as well as economic in time and labour.  The skin is first cut off with the blubber attached:  the meat is then cut from the skeleton, the entrails cleaned out, the liver carefully excised.  The whole is then left to freeze in pieces on the snow, which are afterwards collected as rock-like lumps.  The carcass can be cut up with an axe when needed and fed to the dogs.  Nothing except entrails was wasted.