was difficult to solve.  Cromwell had a desire to place his son in his place as regent after his death, but as the English people were then unsuited for a republic and his son had not the ability to act as chief executive, the republic of England suddenly disappeared.  The British people then abandoned the republican system and readopted the monarchical system.  Thus Charles II., the son of Charles I., was made King not only with the support of the army but also with the general consent of the country.

The second European race which attempted to have a republic was the American.  In the Eighteenth Century the United States of America was established in consequence of the success of a revolution.  But the American revolution was not at first intended to overthrow the monarchy.  What it sought to do was to throw off the yoke of the monarchy and become independent.  The revolution, however, succeeded and the circumstances were such that there was no other alternative but to have a republic:  for there was no royal or Imperial descendant to shoulder the responsibilities of the state.  Another factor was the influence of the advocates of republicanism who came to America in the previous century from England and saturated the minds of the Americans with the ideas of republicanism.  The minds of the American people were so imbued with the ideas of republicanism that a republican form of government was the ideal of the entire race.  Had General Washington—­the leader of the revolutionary army—­had the desire to become a monarch himself he would probably have been successful.  But Washington’s one aim was to respect republicanism and he had no aspiration to become King.  Besides he had no son capable of succeeding him on the throne.  Consequently on the day independence was won, the republican form of government was adopted without hesitation, and it has survived over a hundred years.

There is no need to ask whether the result of the establishment of the American Republic has been good or bad.  The republican form of government is really the making of the United States of America.  But it should be remembered that long before the establishment of the republic, the American people had already learned the good laws and ordinances of England, and the constitution and parliamentary system of England had been long in use in America for over a hundred years.  Therefore the change in 1789 from a colony into a Republic was not a sudden change from a monarchy to a republic.  Thorough preparations had been made and self-government was well practiced before the establishment of the republic.  Not only this, but the intellectual standard of the American people was then already very high; for ever since the beginning of American history attention was given to universal education.  No youth could be found who could not read, and the extent of education can thus be gauged.

Soon after the formation of the American