Therefore, I conclude that the successor to the presidential chair has to prevent chaos by wielding the monarchical power, while the new emperor can avert internal disquietude forever by means of his constitutional government.  This is the fourth difference between the republic and the monarchy.  These four differences are accountable for the fact that there will not be as much disturbance at the time of the change of emperors as at the time when the president is changed.

Mr. Ko:  I can understand what you have said with regard to the advantages and disadvantages of the republic and the monarchy, but there are many problems connected with the formation of a constitutional monarchy which we have to solve.  Why is it that the attempt to introduce constitutional government during the last years of the Manchu Dynasty proved a failure?

Mr. Hu:  The constitutional government of the Manchu Dynasty was one in name only, and as such the forerunner of the revolution of 1911.  Towards the end of the Manchu Dynasty, the talk of starting a revolution to overthrow the imperial regime was in everybody’s mouth, although the constitutional party endeavoured to accomplish something really useful.  At that time His Excellency Yuan Shih-kai was the grand chancellor, and realizing the fact that nothing except the adoption of a constitutional government could save the throne of the Manchus, he assumed the leadership of the constitutional party, which surpassed in strength the revolutionary party as a result of his active support.  The people’s hearts completely turned to the constitutional party for salvation, while the revolutionary party lost that popular support which it had formerly enjoyed.  Then it seemed that the imperial household would soon adopt the constitutional monarchy and the threatening revolution could be averted.  Unfortunately, the elaborate plans of His Excellency Yuan Shih-kai regarding the adoption of the constitutional government were not carried out by the imperial household.  A great change took place:  His Excellency retired to his native province; and after losing this powerful leader the constitutional party was pitilessly shattered.  A monarchist party suddenly made its appearance on the political arena to assist the imperial family, which pretended to do its very best for the development of a constitutional government, but secretly exerted itself to the utmost for the possession and retention of the real power.  This double-dealing resulted in bringing about the revolution of 1911.  For instance, when the people cried for the convening of a parliament, the imperial family said “No.”  The people also failed to secure the abolition of certain official organs for the imperialists.  They lost confidence in the Reigning House, and simultaneously