Now you will recognize some difficulties in the way of a lecturer in attempting to make classifications of English poetry after the same manner that Japanese classification can be made of Japanese poetry.  One must read enormously merely to obtain one’s materials, and even then the result is not to be thought of as exhaustive.  I am going to try to give you a few lectures upon English poetry thus classified, but we must not expect that the lectures will be authoritatively complete.  Indeed, we have no time for lectures of so thorough a sort.  All that I can attempt will be to give you an idea of the best things that English poets have thought and expressed upon certain subjects.

You know that the old Greeks wrote a great deal of beautiful poetry about insects,—­especially about musical insects, crickets, cicadas, and other insects such as those the Japanese poets have been writing about for so many hundreds of years.  But in modern Western poetry there is very little, comparatively speaking, about insects.  The English poets have all written a great deal about birds, and especially about singing birds; but very little has been written upon the subject of insects—­singing insects.  One reason is probably that the number of musical insects in England is very small, perhaps owing to the climate.  American poets have written more about insects than English poets have done, though their work is of a much less finished kind.  But this is because musical insects in America are very numerous.  On the whole, we may say that neither in English nor in French poetry will you find much about the Voices of rickets, locusts, or cicadae.  I could not even give you a special lecture upon that subject.  We must take the subject “insect” in a rather general signification; and if we do that we can edit together a nice little collection of poetical examples.

The butterfly was regarded by the Greeks especially as the emblem of the soul and therefore of immortality.  We have several Greek remains, picturing the butterfly as perched upon a skull, thus symbolizing life beyond death.  And the metamorphosis of the insect is, you know, very often referred to in Greek philosophy.  We might expect that English poets would have considered the butterfly especially from this point of view; and we do have a few examples.  Perhaps the best known is that of Coleridge.

    The butterfly the ancient Grecians made
  The soul’s fair emblem, and its only name—­
  But of the soul, escaped the slavish trade
  Of earthly life!  For in this mortal frame
  Ours is the reptile’s lot, much toil, much blame,
  Manifold motions making little speed,
  And to deform and kill the things whereon we feed.