I wish to speak of the greatest difficulty with which the Japanese students of English literature, or of almost any Western literature, have to contend.  I do not think that it ever has been properly spoken about.  A foreign teacher might well hesitate to speak about, it—­because, if he should try to explain it merely from the Western point of view, he could not hope to be understood; and if he should try to speak about it from the Japanese point of view, he would be certain to make various mistakes and to utter various extravagances.  The proper explanation might be given by a Japanese professor only, who should have so intimate an acquaintance with Western life as to sympathize with it.  Yet I fear that it would be difficult to find such a Japanese professor for this reason, that just in proportion as he should find himself in sympathy with Western life, in that proportion he would become less and less able to communicate that sympathy to his students.  The difficulties are so great that it has taken me many years even to partly guess how great they are.  That they can be removed at the present day is utterly out of the question.  But something may be gained by stating them even imperfectly.  At the risk of making blunders and uttering extravagances, I shall make the attempt.  I am impelled to do so by a recent conversation with one of the cleverest students that I ever had, who acknowledged his total inability to understand some of the commonest facts in Western life,—­all those facts relating, directly or indirectly, to the position of woman in Western literature as reflecting Western life.

Let us clear the ground it once by putting down some facts in the plainest and lowest terms possible.  You must try to imagine a country in which the place of the highest virtue is occupied, so to speak, by the devotion of sex to sex.  The highest duty of the man is not to his father, but to his wife; and for the sake of that woman he abandons all other earthly ties, should any of these happen to interfere with that relation.  The first duty of the wife may be, indeed, must be, to her child, when she has one; but otherwise her husband is her divinity and king.  In that country it would be thought unnatural or strange to have one’s parents living in the same house with wife or husband.  You know all this.  But it does not explain for you other things, much more difficult to understand, especially the influence of the abstract idea of woman upon society at large as well as upon the conduct of the individual.  The devotion of man to woman does not mean at all only the devotion of husband to wife.  It means actually this,—­that every man is bound by conviction and by opinion to put all women before himself, simply because they are women.  I do not mean that any man is likely to think of any woman as being his intellectual and physical superior; but I do mean that he is bound to think of her as something deserving and needing the help of every man.  In