and the weaker side has no power to enforce it.  No military burdens were provided for, although Britain framed the terms of the treaty to her own liking.  That an obligation to yield enforced service was thereby undertaken has never hitherto been asserted.  We therefore cannot neglect to support this protest by citing a main proviso of the Treaty of Union.  Before the destruction of the Irish Parliament no standing army or navy was raised, nor was any contribution made, except by way of gift, to the British Army or Navy.  No Irish law for the levying of drafts existed; and such a proposal was deemed unconstitutional.  Hence the 8th Article of the Treaty provides that—­

“All laws in force at the time of the Union shall remain as now by law established, subject only to such alterations and regulations from time to time as circumstances may appear to the Parliament of the United Kingdom to require.”

Where there was no law establishing military service for Ireland, what “alteration or regulation” respecting such a law can legally bind?  Can an enactment such as Conscription, affecting the legal and moral rights of an entire people, be described as an “alteration” or “regulation” springing from a pre-existing law?  Is the Treaty to be construed as Britain pleases, and always to the prejudice of the weaker side?

British military statecraft has hitherto rigidly held by a separate tradition for Ireland.  The Territorial military system, created in 1907 for Great Britain, was not set up in Ireland.  The Irish Militia was then actually disbanded, and the War Office insisted that no Territorial force to replace it should be embodied.  Stranger still, the Volunteer Acts (Naval or Military) from 1804 to 1900 (some twenty in all) were never extended to Ireland.  In 1880, when a Conservative House of Commons agreed to tolerate volunteering, the measure was thrown out by the House of Lords on the plea that Irishmen must not be allowed to learn the use of arms.

For, despite the Bill of Rights, the privilege of free citizens to bear arms in self-defence has been refused to us.  The Constitution of America affirms that right as appertaining to the common people, but the men of Ireland are forbidden to bear arms in their own defence.  Where, then, lies the basis of the claim that they can be forced to take them up for the defence of others?

It will suffice to present such considerations in outline without disinterring the details of the past misgovernment of our country.  Mr. Gladstone avowed that these were marked by “every horror and every shame that could disgrace the relations between a strong country and a weak one.”  After an orgy of Martial Law the Scottish General, Abercromby, Commander-in-Chief in Ireland, wrote:  “Every crime, every cruelty that could be committed by Cossacks or Calmucks has been transacted here....  The abuses of all kinds I found can scarcely be believed or enumerated.”  Lord Holland recalls that many people “were sold at so much a head to the Prussians.”