belong to the captors:  and the city, when taken, must share the fate of conquered places.”  The Danes stoutly repelled offers and threats alike:  the English batteries thereupon bombarded the city until the gallant defenders capitulated (September 7th).  The conditions hastily concluded by our commanders were that the British forces should occupy the citadel and dockyard for six weeks, should take possession of the ships and naval stores, and thereupon evacuate Zealand.

These terms were scrupulously carried out; and at the close of six weeks our forces sailed away with the Danish fleet, including fifteen sail of the line, fifteen frigates, and thirty-one small vessels.  This end to the expedition was keenly regretted by Canning.  In a lengthy Memorandum he left it on record that he desired, not merely Denmark’s fleet, but her alliance.  In his view nothing could save Europe but a firm Anglo-Scandinavian league, which would keep open the Baltic and set bounds to the designs of the two Emperors.  Only by such an alliance could Sweden be saved from Russia and France.  Indeed, foreseeing the danger to Sweden from a French army acting from Zealand as a base, Canning proposed to Gustavus that he should occupy that island, or, failing that, receive succour from a British force on his own shore of the Sound.  But both offers were declined.  The final efforts made to draw Denmark into our alliance were equally futile, and she kept up hostilities against us for nearly seven years.  Thus Canning’s scheme of alliance with the Scandinavian States failed.  Britain gained, it is true, a further safeguard against invasion; but our statesman, while blaming the precipitate action of our commanders in insisting solely upon the surrender of the fleet, declared that that action, apart from an Anglo-Danish alliance, was “an act of great injustice."[165]

And as such it has been generally regarded, that is, by those who did not, and could not, know the real state of the case.  In one respect our action was unpardonable:  it was not the last desperate effort of a long period of struggle:  it came after a time of selfish torpor fatal alike to our reputation and the interests of our allies.  After protesting their inability to help them, Ministers belied their own words by the energy with which they acted against a small State.  And the prevalent opinion found expression in the protests uttered in Parliament that it would have been better to face the whole might of the French, Russian, and Danish navies than to emulate the conduct of those who had overrun and despoiled Switzerland.

Moreover, our action did not benefit Sweden, but just the reverse.  Cathcart’s force, that had been helping the Swedes in the defence of their Pomeranian province, was withdrawn in order to strengthen our hands against Copenhagen.  Thereupon the gallant Gustavus, overborne by the weight of Marshal Brune’s corps, sued for an armistice.  It was granted only on the condition that Stralsund should pass into