sent orders that a terrible example must be made in order to stop the sale of patriotic German pamphlets.  Palm was therefore haled away to Braunau, an Austrian town then held by French troops, was tried by martial law and shot (August 25th).  Never did the Emperor commit a greater blunder.  The outrage sent a thrill of indignation through the length and breadth of Germany.  Instead of quenching, it inflamed the national sentiment, and thus rendered doubly difficult any peaceful compromise between Frederick William and Napoleon.  The latter was now looked upon as a tyrant by the citizen class which his reforms were designed to conciliate:  and Frederick William became almost the champion of Germany when he demanded the withdrawal of the French troops.

Unfortunately, the King refused to appoint Ministers who inspired confidence.  With Hardenberg in place of Haugwitz, men would have felt sure that the sword would not again be tamely sheathed; great efforts were made to effect this change, but met with a chilling repulse from the King.[100] It is true that Haugwitz and Beyme now expressed the bitterest hatred of Napoleon, as well they might for a man who had betrayed their confidence.  But, none the less, the King’s refusal to change his men along with his policy was fatal.  Both at St. Petersburg and London no trust was felt in Prussia as long as Haugwitz was at the helm.  The man who had twice steered the ship of state under Napoleon’s guns might do it again; and both England and Russia waited to see some irrevocable step taken before they again risked an army for that prince of waverers.

Grenville rather tardily sent Lord Morpeth to arrange an alliance, but only after he should receive a solemn pledge that Hanover would be restored.  That envoy approached the Prussian headquarters just in time to be swept away in the torrent of fugitives from Jena.  As for Russia, she had awaited the arrival of a Prussian officer at St. Petersburg to concert a plan of campaign.  When he arrived he had no plan; and the Czar, perplexed by the fatuity of his ally, and the hostility of the Turks, refused to march his troops forthwith into Prussia.[101] Equally disappointing was the conduct of Austria.  This Power, bleeding from the wounds of last year and smarting under the jealousy of Russia, refused to move until the allies had won a victory.  And so, thanks to the jealousies of the old monarchies, Frederick William had no Russian or Austrian troops at his side, no sinews of war from London to invigorate his preparations, when he staked his all in the high places of Thuringia.  He gained, it is true, the support of Saxony and Weimar; but this brought less than 21,000 men to his side.