regard in which she was held; and it was no small payment when, even in the wilds of the West, she met with numerous persons who would gladly have her travel free of charge, because of the delight she had afforded them.  Miss Carlen tells her readers that “of one triumph” she was proud.  “It was,” she says, “when I held in my hand, for the first time, one of my works, translated and published in America.  My eyes filled with tears.  The bright dreams of youth again passed before me.  Ye Americans had planted the seed, and ye also approved of the fruit!” This is the feeling of a writer that cultivates literature with some object in view other than mere profit.  It differs entirely from that of English authors, because in England, more than in any other country, book-making is a trade, carried on exclusively with a view to profit; and hence it is that the character of English books so much declines.

But is it really true that foreign authors derive no pecuniary advantage from the republication of their books in this country?  It is not.  Mr. Macaulay has admitted that much of his reputation, and of the sale of his books at home, had been a consequence of his reputation here, where his Essays were first reprinted.  At the moment of writing this, I have met with a notice of his speeches, first collected here, from which the following is an extract:—­

“We owe much to America.  Not content with charming us with the works of her native genius, she teaches us also to appreciate our own.  She steps in between the timidity of a British author, and the fastidiousness of the British public, and by using her’ good offices’ brings both parties to a friendly understanding.”—­Morning Chronicle.

If the people of England are largely indebted to America for being made acquainted with the merits of their authors, are not these latter also indebted to America for much of their pecuniary reward?  Undoubtedly they are.  Mr. Macaulay owes much of his fortune to American publishers, readers, and critics; and such is the case to perhaps a greater extent with Mr. Carlyle, whose papers were first collected here, and their merits thus made known to his countrymen.  Lamb’s papers of “Elia” were first collected here.  It is to the diligence of an American publisher that De Quincey owes the publication of a complete edition of his works, now to be followed by a similar one in England.  The papers of Professor Wilson owe their separate republication to American booksellers.  The value of Mr. Thackeray’s copyrights has been greatly increased by his reception here.  So has it been with Mr. Dickens.  All of those persons profit largely by their fame abroad, while the men who contribute to the extension of knowledge by the publication of facts and ideas never reap profit from their publication abroad, and are rarely permitted to acquire even fame.  Godfrey died poor.  The merchants of England gave no fortune to his children, and Hadley stole his fame.  The people of that