[Footnote 181:  Bourrienne, “Memoirs.”  The case against the Orders in Council is fairly stated by Lumbroso, and by Alison, ch. 50.]

[Footnote 182:  Gower reported (on September 22nd) that the Spanish ambassador at St. Petersburg had been pleading for help there, so as to avenge this insult.]

[Footnote 183:  Baumgarten, “Geschichte Spaniens,” vol. i., p. 138.]

[Footnote 184:  “Nap.  Corresp.” of October 17th and 31st, November 13th, December 23rd, 1807, and February 20th, 1808; also Napier, “Peninsular War,” bk. i., ch. ii.]

[Footnote 185:  Letter of January 10th, 1808.]

[Footnote 186:  Letter of Charles IV. to Napoleon of October 29th, 1807, published in “Murat, Lieutenant de l’Empereur en Espagne,” Appendix viii.]

[Footnote 187:  “New Letters of Napoleon.”]

[Footnote 188:  “Corresp.,” letter of February 25th.]

[Footnote 189:  Murat in 1814 told Lord Holland ("Foreign Reminiscences,” p. 131) he had had no instructions from Napoleon.]

[Footnote 190:  Thiers, notes to bk. xxix.]

[Footnote 191:  “Memoires pour servir a l’histoire de la Revolution d’Espagne, par Nellerto”; also “The Journey of Ferdinand VII. to Bayonne,” by Escoiquiz.]

[Footnote 192:  “Corresp.,” No. 13696.  A careful comparison of this laboured, halting effusion, with the curt military syle*style of the genuine letters—­and especially with Nos. 93, 94, and 100 of the “New Letters”—­must demonstrate its non-authenticity.  Thiers’ argument to the contrary effect is rambling and weak.  Count Murat in his recent monograph on his father pronounces the letter a fabrication of St. Helena or later.  It was first published in the “Memorial de St. Helene,” an untrustworthy compilation made by Las Cases after Napoleon’s death from notes taken at St. Helena.]

[Footnote 193:  Napoleon had at first intended the Spanish crown for Louis, to whom he wrote on March 27th:  “The climate of Holland does not suit you.  Besides, Holland can never rise from her ruins.”  Louis declined, on the ground that his call to Holland had been from heaven, and not from Napoleon!]

[Footnote 194:  Memoirs of Thiebault and De Broglie; so, too, De Rocca, “La Guerre en Espagne.”]

[Footnote 195:  See the letter of an Englishman from Buenos Ayres of September 27th, 1809, in “Cobbett’s Register” for 1810 (p. 256), stating that the new popular Government there was driven by want of funds, “not from their good wishes to England,” to open their ports to all foreign commerce on moderate duties.]

[Footnote 196:  Vandal, “Napoleon et Alexandre,” ch. vii.  It is not published in the “Correspondence” or in the “New Letters.”]

[Footnote 197:  Vandal, “Napoleon et Alexandre,” vol. i., ch. iv., and App.  II.]

[Footnote 198:  In the conversations which Metternich had with Napoleon and Talleyrand on and after January 22nd, 1808, he was convinced that the French Emperor intended to partition Turkey as soon as it suited him to do so, which would be after he had subjected Spain.  Napoleon said to him:  “When the Russians are at Constantinople you will need France to help you against them.”—­“Metternich Memoirs,” vol. ii., p. 188.]