the mountainous interior.  Poor, badly equipped, rent by family feuds and clan schisms, his followers were no match for the French troops; and after the utter break-up of his forces Paoli fled to England, taking with him three hundred and forty of the most determined patriots.  With these irreconcilables Charles Buonaparte did not cast in his lot, but accepted the pardon offered to those who should recognize the French sway.  With his wife and their little child Joseph he returned to Ajaccio; and there, shortly afterwards, Napoleon was born.  As the patriotic historian, Jacobi, has finely said, “The Corsican people, when exhausted by producing martyrs to the cause of liberty, produced Napoleon Buonaparte[5].”

Seeing that Charles Buonaparte had been an ardent adherent of Paoli, his sudden change of front has exposed him to keen censure.  He certainly had not the grit of which heroes are made.  His seems to have been an ill-balanced nature, soon buoyed up by enthusiasms, and as speedily depressed by their evaporation; endowed with enough of learning and culture to be a Voltairean and write second-rate verses; and with a talent for intrigue which sufficed to embarrass his never very affluent fortunes.  Napoleon certainly derived no world-compelling qualities from his father:  for these he was indebted to the wilder strain which ran in his mother’s blood.  The father doubtless saw in the French connection a chance of worldly advancement and of liberation from pecuniary difficulties; for the new rulers now sought to gain over the patrician families of the island.  Many of them had resented the dictatorship of Paoli; and they now gladly accepted the connection with France, which promised to enrich their country and to open up a brilliant career in the French army, where commissions were limited to the scions of nobility.

Much may be said in excuse of Charles Buonaparte’s decision, and no one can deny that Corsica has ultimately gained much by her connection with France.  But his change of front was open to the charge that it was prompted by self-interest rather than by philosophic foresight.  At any rate, his second son throughout his boyhood nursed a deep resentment against his father for his desertion of the patriots’ cause.  The youth’s sympathies were with the peasants, whose allegiance was not to be bought by baubles, whose constancy and bravery long held out against the French in a hopeless guerilla warfare.  His hot Corsican blood boiled at the stories of oppression and insult which he heard from his humbler compatriots.  When, at eleven years of age, he saw in the military college at Brienne the portrait of Choiseul, the French Minister who had urged on the conquest of Corsica, his passion burst forth in a torrent of imprecations against the traitor; and, even after the death of his father in 1785, he exclaimed that he could never forgive him for not following Paoli into exile.