(fig. 23, a a).  This proper wall forms the actual lining of the chambers, as well as the outer surface of the whole mass; and it is perforated with numerous fine vertical tubes (fig. 24, a a), opening into the chambers and on to the surface by corresponding fine pores.  From the resemblance of this tubulated layer to similar structures in the shell of the Nummulite, it is often spoken of as the “Nummuline layer.”  The chambers are sometimes piled up one above the other in an irregular manner; but they are more commonly arranged in regular tiers, the separate chambers being marked off from one another by projections of the wall in the form of partitions, which are so far imperfect as to allow of a free communication between contiguous chambers.  In the original condition of the organism, all these chambers, of course, must have been filled with living-matter; but they are found in the present state of the fossil to be generally filled with some silicate, such as serpentine, which not only fills the actual chambers, but has also penetrated the minute tubes of the proper wall and the branching canals of the intermediate skeleton.  In some cases the chambers are simply filled with crystalline carbonate of lime.  When the originally porous fossil has been permeated by a silicate, it is possible to dissolve away the whole of the calcareous skeleton by means of acids, leaving an accurate and beautiful cast of the chambers and the tubes connected with them in the insoluble silicate.

[Illustration:  Fig. 24.—­Portion of one of the calcareous layers of Eozooen, magnified 100 diameters. a a, The proper wall ("Nummuline layer”) of one of the chambers, showing the fine vertical tubuli with which it is penetrated, and which are slightly bent along the line a’ a’. c c, The intermediate skeleton, with numerous branched canals.  The oblique lines are the cleavage planes of the carbonate of lime, extending across both the intermediate skeleton and the proper wall. (After Carpenter.)]

The above are the actual appearances presented by Eozooen when examined microscopically, and it remains to see how far they enable us to decide upon its true position in the animal kingdom.  Those who wish to study this interesting subject in detail must consult the admirable memoirs by Dr W. B. Carpenter and Principal Dawson:  it will be enough here to indicate the results which have been arrived at.  The only animals at the present day which possess a continuous calcareous skeleton, perforated by pores and penetrated by canals, are certain organisms belonging to the group of the Foraminifera.  We have had occasion before to speak of these animals, and as they are not conspicuous or commonly-known forms of life, it may be well to say a few words as to the structure of the living representatives of the group.  The Foraminifera are all inhabitants of the sea, and are mostly of small or even microscopic dimensions.  Their bodies are composed of an apparently