that the nostrils were completely separated by a bony partition.  The head carried two horns, placed one behind the other, the front one being unusually large.  As regards its geographical range, the Woolly Rhinoceros is found in Europe in vast numbers north of the Alps and Pyrenees, and it also abounded in Siberia; so that it would appear to be a distinctly northern form, and to have been adapted for a temperate climate.  It is not known to occur in Pliocene deposits, but it makes its first appearance in the Pre-Glacial deposits, surviving the Glacial period, and being found in abundance in Post-Glacial accumulations.  It was undoubtedly a contemporary of the earlier races of men in Western Europe; and it may perhaps be regarded as being the actual substantial kernel of some of the “Dragons” of fable.

[Illustration:  Fig. 263.—­Skull of the Tichorhine Rhinoceros, the horns being wanting.  One-tenth of the natural size.  Post-Pliocene deposits of Europe and Asia.]

The only other Odd-toed Ungulate which needs notice is the so-called Equus fossilis of the Post-Pliocene of Europe.  This made its appearance before the Glacial period, and appears to be in reality identical with the existing Horse (Equus caballus).  True Horses also occur in the Post-Pliocene of North America; but, from some cause or another, they must have been exterminated before historic times.

[Illustration:  Fig. 264—­Skeleton of the “Irish Elk” (Cervus megaceros).  Post-Pliocene, Britain.]

Amongst the Even-toed Ungulates, the great Hippopotamus major of the Pliocene still continued to exist in Post-Pliocene times in Western Europe; and the existing Wild Boar (Sus scrofa), the parent of our domestic breeds of Pigs, appeared for the first time.  The Old World possessed extinct representatives of its existing Camels, and lost types of the living Llamas inhabited South America.  Amongst the Deer, the Post-Pliocene accumulations have yielded the remains of various living species, such as the Red Deer (Cervus elaphus), the Reindeer (Cervus tarandus), the Moose or Elk (Alces malchis), and the Roebuck (Cervus capreolus), together with a number of extinct forms.  Among the latter, the great “Irish Elk” (Cervus megaceros) is justly celebrated both for its size and for the number and excellent preservation of its discovered remains.  This extinct species (fig. 264) has been found principally in peat-mosses and Post-Pliocene lake-deposits, and is remarkable for the enormous size of the spreading antlers, which are widened out towards their extremities, and attain an expanse of over ten feet from tip to tip.  It is not a genuine Elk, but is intermediate between the Reindeer and the Fallow-deer.  Among the existing Deer of the Post-Pliocene, the most noticeable is the Reindeer, an essentially northern type, existing at the present day in Northern Europe, and also (under the name of the “Caribou”) in North America.  When the cold of the Glacial period became established, this boreal species was enabled to invade Central and Western Europe in great herds, and its remains are found abundantly in cave-earths and other Post-Pliocene deposits as far south as the Pyrenees.