to enforce the royal decree that formal submission and homage must now be rendered to the king by the conquered Indians; but Tello finds some difficulties in this.  The bulls concerning the crusades are being preached, and Tello expects to extend this to the Indians.  One of the auditors has died, and his place is filled.  Tello has been obliged to check the assumption of secular authority by the ecclesiastics.  The Chinese should be driven out of Manila, and the Parian abolished.  A building of stone has been erected for the Audiencia; Tello asks for a grant of money to continue this work, and mentions other public buildings which he has erected or improved.  Religious instruction should be commenced in the Ladrones Islands; and the viceroy of Nueva Espana has been asked to send missionaries thither.  The latter functionary has neglected several matters which are necessary to the prosperity of the Philippine colony, and has been arbitrary and overbearing in his treatment of it.  Especial complaint is made that he has evaded the law which restricts the Chinese trade to citizens of the Philippine colony, by granting licenses for trade to Peruvians, who have taken from the islands the best of the Chinese trade, which is their main support.  A port at Canton has been opened to the Spaniards for trade; and efforts are being made to improve this opportunity.  Trade with Siam has also begun.  Tello asks that the citizens of Cebu be allowed to trade occasionally with Peru; and that officers of vessels to Nueva Espana be not appointed there, but in the islands.  He recommends that the Indians should be punished by moderate pecuniary-fines, rather than by flogging.  Various papers are appended to this letter by Tello.  One is a memorandum of the number of converts and missionaries in the islands.  Another is an inventory of the resources and income of the hospital for natives, and a statement of its expenses for part of the current year.  The instructions given to the alcaldes-mayor and to the religious for securing the formal submission of the Indians to the authority of the Spanish king, and the measures taken for this purpose in La Laguna, are given in detail.

The ordinances enacted by the Audiencia of Manila during the year June, 1598, to July, 1599 (the part in this volume ends with December, 1598) throw much light on social and economic conditions at that time.  Certain Chinese prisoners remain too long in jail for non-payment of debts, thus causing much useless expense; their services will hereafter be sold for the payment of their debts.  Notaries must be present at the inspection of prisons.  Prisoners shall no longer be permitted to leave the jail at their pleasure.  All huckstering is forbidden, under heavy penalties.  No person whatever may leave the islands without the governor’s permission, under heavy penalties.  The prisons must be regularly visited by the auditors, so that justice shall be promptly and duly administered.  The Indians shall be encouraged and obliged to raise