1261.  Overthrow of the Latin Empire of the East; Michael Palaeologus, assisted by Genoese forces, instals the Palaeologi dynasty on the Eastern throne; recovery of Constantinople by the Greeks.  The Genoese are given important naval stations, and the Venetians are excluded from the Black Sea.

1262.  Beginning of the barons’ war in England; the kingly power is restored to Henry III by parliament; his son Edward brings in a foreign army to support him.

1263.  Last invasion of Scotland by the Norwegians repulsed by King Alexander III.

1264.  Henry III and his brother, Richard of Cornwall, are defeated and taken prisoners at Lewes by Simon de Montfort at the head of the English barons.

1265.  Representation of the commons in parliament is granted by Simon de Montfort.  At the battle of Evesham he is defeated and slain; the authority of the King is restored.

Birth of Dante.

1266.  Magnus, King of Norway, cedes the Hebrides and the Isle of Man to Scotland.

Charles of Anjou conquers Sicily.

Florentine nobles (Grandi) are excluded from all part in the government of Florence.

1267.  Conradin enters Italy with an army; a large part of Sicily declares in his favor.

1268.  In attempting to recover the Two Sicilies from Charles, Conradin, the last of the Hohenstaufens, is captured and executed.

Beibars, Sultan of Egypt and Syria, conquers the Christian principalities of Antioch and Joppa.  See “MAMELUKES USURP POWER IN EGYPT,” vi, 240.

Louis IX, by a pragmatic sanction, resists the papal claim to nominate bishops in France.

1269.  Charles of Anjou aids in the restoration of the Guelfs in Florence.

1270.  Louis IX, of France, by his “establishments,” suppresses the wager of battle and provides for a regular administration of justice.

The last of the crusades.  See “Louis IX LEADS THE LAST CRUSADE,” vi, 275.

Venice levies a toll on the goods of Bolognese merchants; payment is refused; war between the two states follows.

1271.  Crusade of Prince Edward of England; he drives Beibars from the siege of Acre and takes Mazareth; an attempt is made to murder him.

Marco Polo sets out on his travels.  See “HEIGHT OF THE MONGOL POWER IN CHINA,” vi, 287.

1272.  Prince Edward concludes a truce with Beibars for ten years; he leaves Palestine.  End of the crusades.

Death of Henry III of England; his son, Edward I, succeeds.

A patent of nobility is granted to his silversmith by Philip III, King of France.

1273.  Election of Rudolph as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.  See “FOUNDING OF THE HOUSE OF HAPSBURG,” vi, 298.

1274.  After a long stay in France Edward I lands in England; is crowned with his Queen, Eleanora, at Westminster.

Fourteenth general council, Second of Lyons, presided over by Pope Gregory IX.