1221.  Disastrous terms are imposed on the crusaders, who evacuate Egypt.

1222.  Signing of the Golden Bull of Hungary.  See “THE GOLDEN BULL, ‘HUNGARY’S MAGNA CHARTA,’ SIGNED,” vi, 191.

1223.  Death of Philip Augustus; his son, Louis VIII, succeeds to the French throne.

Pope Honorius III convenes a congress at Florence; Emperor Frederick pledges himself to proceed on the crusade within two years, and to marry John de Brienne’s daughter, Yolanthe.

Hacon V holds the first Norwegian parliament, or storthing, at Bergen.

1224.  Victory over the Russians by the Mongols on the Kalka.  See “RUSSIA CONQUERED BY THE TARTAR HORDES,” vi, 196.

Amaury de Montfort cedes his claim on Toulouse to Louis VIII of France.

1225.  Pope Honorius III, annoyed by the Roman senate, retires to Tivoli.

Frederick, after obtaining a further delay of two years for his crusade, marries Yolanthe.  See “THE SIXTH CRUSADE,” vi, 208.

1226.  Death of Louis VIII; his son, Louis IX (St. Louis), succeeds under the regency of his mother, Blanche of Castile.

Renewal of the Lombard League against Emperor Frederick II.

1227.  Death of Pope Honorius III; Gregory IX, who succeeds him, urges the crusade; Frederick’s first expedition miscarries.  See “THE SIXTH CRUSADE,” vi, 208.

Great disorders in Italy; the Gyelf partisans are driven out of Verona and Vicenza.

Death of Ghengis Khan; his four sons divide the empire between them.

1228.  Death of Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury; his successor, Edmund, preserves Magna Charta from being infringed.

1229.  Terms fatal to the Albigenses are accepted by Raymond VII of Toulouse.

Frederick II again departs for Palestine.  See “THE SIXTH CRUSADE,” vi, 208.

1230.  Reconciliation of Emperor Frederick II and Pope Gregory IX.  First arrival of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia.

Theodor, Emperor of Thessalonica, defeated, made prisoner, and blinded by Asan, King of Bulgaria; his brother, Manuel, usurps the throne.

1231.  Summoned to assist the Poles, the Teutonic Knights defeat the pagan Prussians and found their dominions on the shores of the Baltic.

Four hundred families of Oghusian Tartars, driven from Khorassan, effect a settlement near Mount Olympus; from these the Ottomans descend.

1232.  Distracted by civil wars the Moors in Spain are defeated at Seville by Ferdinand III of Leon and Castile, and lose the Balearic Islands to James, King of Aragon.

1233.  Conrad of Marburg, the first inquisitor of Germany, put to death for his cruelty.

Coal first discovered near Newcastle, England.

1234.  Pope Gregory IX driven from Rome by the senate and citizens, who resist his temporal power and seize his revenues; he appeals to Emperor Frederick II for assistance.

1235.  Marriage of Frederick II to Isabella, sister of Henry III of England.  He forbids the extravagant payments usually made on such occasions to buffoons, mimics, and players.