Assassination of Philip of Swabia by Otho, Count of Wittelsbach; Otho IV becomes emperor of Germany in place of his father.

1209.  Foundation of the order of Franciscans.

Defeat of the Scots under William I in an invasion of England.

Salinguerra, leader of the Ghibellines at Ferrara, expels the marquis
Azzo and the Guelfs.

Massacre of the Albigenses by the crusaders, at Beziers, France.  See
“INNOCENT III EXALTS THE PAPAL POWER,” vi, 156.

1210.  Emperor Otho IV claims Sicily of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen; he attempts its conquest.  He is excommunicated by the Pope.

Fourteen heretics are condemned to the flames by the Council of Paris; the works of Aristotle are ordered to be burned, and the future translation and reading of them forbidden.

1211.  Marquis Azzo recovers his influence in Ferrara.

1212.  Frederick of Hohenstaufen, supported by Innocent III, wars with Otho for the German crown.

Battle of Navasde Tolosa; the kings of Castile, Aragon, and Navarre crush the Moors and destroy the Almohade power in Spain.

Children’s Crusade from France and Germany.  See “THE SIXTH CRUSADE,” vi, 208.

1213.  King John of England submits to the Pope.  See “INNOCENT III EXALTS THE PAPAL POWER,” vi, 156.

Subjugation of the Albigenses by Simon de Montfort, who is awarded the principality of Toulouse,

1214.  Battle of Bouvines; victory of Philip Augustus over Otho IV, supported by English and Flemish auxiliaries.

1215.  Transubstantiation declared, by the twelfth general council, to be a doctrine of the Church; auricular confession enforced; it transfers the greater part of the lands of Count Raymond, the late Albigenses leader, to Simon de Montfort.

Magna Charta signed by King John.  See “SIGNING OF MAGNA CHARTA,” vi, 175.

In Florence begins the fierce quarrel between the Guelfs and Ghibellines.

Founding of the order of Dominicans.

China invaded by Ghengis Khan; he captures Peking.

1216.  Invited by the English barons, Louis, son of Philip Augustus, lands in England with an army; King John marches to meet him; he loses his baggage and many men in the Lincolnshire quicksands; he flees to Newark and there dies of chagrin.  Henry III succeeds John; the Earl of Pembroke Protector.

1217.  A fifth crusade; Andrew II, King of Hungary, and other princes head the expedition.

Simon de Montfort, during a revolt, is slain at the siege of Toulouse.  Louis is defeated by the Protector, Pembroke, and returns to France.

1218.  Andrew withdraws from the crusade; it is continued by William I, Count of Holland, and John of Brienne.

1219.  Damietta is reduced by the crusaders.

A bull of Pope Honorius III forbids the teaching of the civil law in the University of Paris.

1220.  Imperial coronation of the Hohenstaufen Frederick II.  Turkestan is overrun by the Mongols, who capture Bokhara and Samarkand.