1166.  Emperor Frederick I reenforces his army and again invades Italy.

1167.  General league of the Lombard cities formed; Milan rebuilt.  Emperor Frederick Barbarossa defeats the Sicilian auxiliaries of Pope Alexander, captures Rome, and seats Antipope Paschal.

1168.  Success of the Lombard League; they found a new city, named Alessandria, in honor of the Pope.  See “THE PEACE OF CONSTANCE,” vi, 28.

Death of Antipope Paschal III; Antipope Callistus III set up.

1169.  Richard Strongbow, with other knights, begins the English conquest of Ireland; Wexford, Waterford, and Dublin captured.

1170.  Peter Waldo, a citizen of Lyons, founds a preaching society, afterward called Waldenses.

Murder of Thomas Becket.  See “ARCHIEPISCOPATE OF THOMAS BECKET,” vi, i.

1171.  End of the Fatimite dynasty in Egypt; Saladin, acting for Noureddin, becomes supreme head.

Henry II lands with an army at Waterford, Ireland; his own knights and many Irish chiefs do homage to him for their lands.

1173.  Henry II appears before the papal legates and receives absolution for Becket’s death; his Queen, Eleanor, jealous of Fair Rosamond, incites her sons to rebel against their father; Louis, King of France, supports them, and David of Scotland invades England.

1174.  Saladin becomes independent sultan of Egypt.

Henry II does penance at Becket’s tomb; he defeats and captures the King of Scotland, and quells the insurrection of his sons.  The Leaning Tower of Pisa commenced.

1175.  English conquest of Ireland completed.

1176.  Frederick I is defeated at Legnano by the forces of the Lombard League.  See “THE PEACE OF CONSTANCE,” vi, 28.

Peter Coleman commences the erection of the first stone bridge across the Thames at London.

1177.  Meeting of Emperor Frederick and Pope Alexander; a treaty is concluded between them.

Henry II divides England into six circuits, through which he sends justices twice a year to administer the law in each county.

1178.  A fleet is sent by the King of Sicily to assist the Christians in Palestine.

1179.  Eleventh general council, Third of the Lateran, declares that the true pope must be elected by two-thirds of the cardinals; one of its canons condemns the Waldenses, and their translation of their Bible is suppressed.

1180.  Death of Louis VII; his son Philip Augustus succeeds to the French throne.

Henry the Lion, placed under the ban of the empire, has his Bavarian domains sequestered and his Saxon kingdom partitioned.

About this time the Gothic style of architecture is introduced.

1182.  France expels the Jews.

1183.  Lombard cities secure their freedom.  See “THE PEACE OF CONSTANCE,” vi, 28.

Baldwin IV, disabled by leprosy, resigns the crown of Jerusalem to his nephew, Baldwin V.