the wind smashed the ships.  On the 5th day Fan Wen-hu and the other generals each made selection of the soundest and best boats, and got into them, and abandoned the soldiers, to the number of over one hundred thousand, at the foot of the hills.  The soldiers then agreed to select the centurion Chang as general in command, and styled him ‘General Chang,’ submitting themselves to his orders.  They were just engaged in cutting down trees to make boats to come back in, when, on the 7th day, the Japanese came and gave battle.  All were killed except 20,000 or 30,000 who were carried off prisoners.  On the 9th day these got to the Eight Horn Islands [the Japanese pronunciation would be Hakkaku Shima], where all the Mongols, Coreans, and men of Han [—­North China] were massacred.  As it was understood that the newly recruited army consisted of men of T’ang [= Cantonese, etc.], they were not killed, but turned into slaves, of whom deponent was one.  The trouble arose from want of harmony and subordination in the general staff, in consequence of which they abandoned the troops and returned.  After some time two other stragglers got back; that is out of a host of 100,000 only three ever returned.’”

2. Chapter on the Ouigour General, Siang-wei.—­“In 1281 the sea-force of 100,000 men under Fan Wen-hu, etc., took seven days and nights to reach Bamboo Island [the Japanese pronunciation would be Chikushima; perhaps is another form of Tsushima], where they effected a junction with the forces of the provincial staff from Liao-yang.  It was the intention to first attack the Dazai Fu, but there was vacillation and indecision.  On the 1st day of the 8th moon a great typhoon raged, and 60 or 70 per cent. of the army perished.  The Emperor was furious, etc.”

3. Chapter on Li T’ing, a Shan Tung man, who was on Fan Wen-hu’s staff.—­“In 1281 the army encamped on Bamboo Island, but, a storm arising, the vessels were all smashed.  Li T’ing escaped ashore on a piece of wreckage, collected the remains of the host, and returned via Corea to Peking.  Only 10 to 20 per cent. of the soldiers escaped alive [apparently referring to the 40,000, not to the 100,000].”

4. Chapter on the Chih-Li-man-Chang-Hi.—­“He accompanied Fan Wen-hu and Li T’ing with the naval force which crossed the sea against Japan.  Chang Hi, on arrival, at once left his boats, and set to work intrenching on the island of Hirado.  He also kept his war-ships at anchor at a cable’s length from each other, so as to avoid the destructive action of wind and waves.  When the great typhoon arose in the 8th moon, the galleons of Fan and Li were all smashed; only Chang Hi’s escaped uninjured.  When Fan Wen-hu, etc., suggested going back, Chang Hi said:  ’Half the soldiers are drowned, but those who have escaped death are all sturdy troops.  Surely it is better for us to take advantage of this moment, before they have begun to think regretfully