He had passed the years of his exile in various European countries, but the principal part of his time had been spent at Hartwell, about sixty miles from London, where he formed a little court and lived a life of royalty in miniature.  Charles Greville, when a very young man, visited Hartwell with his relative, the Duke of Beaufort, shortly before the Restoration.  He describes the king’s cabinet as being like a ship’s cabin, the walls hung with portraits of Louis XVI., Marie Antoinette, Madame Elisabeth, and the dauphin.  Louis himself had a singular habit of swinging his body backward and forward when talking, “which exactly resembled the heavings of a ship at sea.”  “We were a very short time at table,” Greville adds; “the meal was a very plain one, and the ladies and gentlemen all got up together.  Each lady folded up her napkin, tied it round with a bit of ribbon, and carried it away with her.  After dinner we returned for coffee and conversation to the drawing-room.  Whenever the king came in or went out of the room, Madame d’Angouleme made him a low courtesy, which he returned by bowing and kissing her hand.  This little ceremony never failed to take place.”  They finished the evening with whist, “his Majesty settling the points of the game at a quarter of a shilling.”  “We saw the whole place,” adds Greville, “before we came away; they had certainly shown great ingenuity in contriving to lodge so great a number of people in and around the house.  It was like a small rising colony.”

Louis XVIII. was childless.  His brother Charles and himself had married sisters, princesses of the house of Savoy.  These ladies were amiable nonentities, and died during the exile of their husbands; but Charles’s wife had left him two sons,—­Louis Antoine, known as the Duc d’Angouleme, and Charles Ferdinand, known as the Duc de Berri.  The Duc d’Angouleme had married his cousin Marie Therese, daughter of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette.  Their union was childless.  The Duc de Berri had married Marie Caroline, a princess of Naples.  She had two children,—­Louise, who when she grew up became Duchess of Parma; and Henri, called variously the Duc de Bordeaux, Henri V., and the Comte de Chambord.

All Louis XVIII.’s efforts during his ten years’ reign were directed to keeping things as quiet as he could during his lifetime.  He greatly disapproved of the policy of the Holy Alliance in forcing him to make war on Spain in order to put down the Constitutionalists under Riego and Mina.  The expedition for that purpose was commanded by the Duc d’Angouleme, who accomplished his mission, but with little glory or applause except from flatterers.  The chief military incident of the campaign was the capture by the French of the forts of Trocadero, which commanded the entrance to Cadiz harbor.