Another—­the most potent cause of all—­is the complete revolution of opinion as regards woman’s work which has been effected in the course of a single generation.  Thirty years ago, if a girl was compelled to earn her bread by her own work, what could she do?  There were a few—­a very few—­who wrote; many very excellent persons held writing to be ‘unladylike.’  There were a few—­a very few—­who painted; there were some—­but very few, and those chiefly the daughters of actors—­who went on the stage.  All the rest of the women who maintained themselves, and were called, by courtesy, ladies, became governesses.  Some taught in schools, where they endured hardness—­remember the account of the school where Charlotte Bronte was educated.  Some went to live in private houses—­think of the governess in the old novel, meek and gentle, snubbed by her employer, bullied by her pupils, and insulted by the footman, until the young Prince came along.  Some went from house to house as daily governesses.  Even in teaching they were greatly restricted.  Man was called in to teach dancing; he went round among the schools in black silk stockings, with a kit under his arm, and could caper wonderfully.  Woman could only teach dancing at the awful risk of showing her ankles.  Who cares now whether a woman shows her ankles or not?  It makes one think of Mr. Snodgrass and Mr. Winkle, and of the admiration which those sly dogs expressed for a neat pair of ankles.  Man, again, taught drawing; man taught music; man taught singing; man taught writing; man taught arithmetic; man taught French and Italian; German was not taught at all.  Indeed, had it not been for geography and the use of the globes, and the right handling of the blackboard, there would have been nothing at all left for the governess to teach.  Forty years ago, however, she was great on the Church Catechism and a martinet as to the Sunday sermon.

It was not every girl, even then, who could teach.  I remember one lady who in her young days had refused to teach on the ground that she would have to be hanged for child-murder if she tried.  Those who did not teach, unless they married and became mistresses of their own menage, stayed at home until the parents died, and then went to live with a brother or a married sister.  What family would be without the unmarried sister, the universal aunt?  Sometimes, perhaps, she became a mere unpaid household servant, who could not give notice.  But one would fain hope that these were rare cases.

Now, however, all is changed.  The doors are thrown wide open.  With a few exceptions—­to be sure, the Church, the Law, and Engineering are important exceptions—­a woman can enter upon any career she pleases.  The average woman, specially trained, should do at any intellectual work nearly as well as the average man.  The old prejudice against the work of women is practically extinct.  Love of independence and the newly awakened impatience of the old shackles, in addition to the forces already mentioned, are everywhere driving girls to take up professional lives.