history from A.D. 476 to near A.D. 1800—­the older fashions remained, in town-life as in most other forms of civilized society.  Towns were still, with few exceptions, small and their difficulties, if real, were simple.  Save in half a dozen abnormal capitals, they had, even in relatively modern days, no vast populations to be fed and made into human and orderly citizens.  They had no chemical industries, no chimneys defiling the air, or drains defiling the water.  Now, builders have to face the many square miles of Chicago or Buenos Ayres, to provide lungs for their cities, to fight with polluted streams and smoke.  Their problems are quite unlike those of the ancients.  When Cobbett, about 1800, called London the Great Wen, he contrasted in two monosyllables the ancient ideal of a city with the ugly modern facts.

It is not, therefore, likely that modern architects or legislators will learn many hints from plans of Timgad or of Silchester.  There are lessons perhaps in the growth of Turin from its little ancient chess-board to its modern enlargement, but such developments are rare.  The great benefit to modern workers of such a survey as I have attempted is that it shows the slow and painful steps by which mankind became at last able to plan towns as units, yet inhabited by individual men and women, and that it emphasizes the need for definite rules and principles.  Nor is it perhaps quite superfluous to-day to point out how closely, even after the great upheaval of the nineteenth century, the forms of modern life depend on the Roman world.