II.  But if Roman streets have seldom survived continuously to modern days, if Roman town-planning perished with the western Empire, it has none the less profoundly influenced the towns of mediaeval and modern Europe and America.  Early in the thirteenth century men began to revive, with certain modifications, the rectangular planning which Rome had used.  Perhaps copying Roman originals seen in northern Italy, Frederic Stupor Mundi now built on a chess-board pattern the Terra Nova which he founded in Sicily.  Now, in 1231, Barcelonette was built with twenty square ‘insulae’ in south-eastern France.  Now, too, the ‘Bastides’ and ‘Villes Neuves’ of southern France and towns like Aigues-Mortes (1240) were built on similar plans.[122]

[122] For the Bastides and Villes Neuves see Dr. A.E.  Brinckmann, Deutsche Bauzeitung, Jan.-Feb., 1910, and, for an example, fig. 35.  Many of them may be earlier than 1200 (A.  Giry, Bibl. de l’Ecole des Chartes, xlii. 451), but those with more or less chess-board plans seem later.

[Illustration:  FIG. 35.  PLAN OF A BASTIDE TOWN, SAUVETERRE-DE-GUYENNE NEAR BORDEAUX (A.D. 1281).  (By Dr. A.E.  Brinckmann.)]

Soon after, the chess-board pattern came to England and was used in Edwardian towns like Flint[123] and Winchelsea; then, too, it was adopted at the other end of the civilized world by German soldiers in Polish lands.  Cracow, for example, owes to German settlers in the mid-thirteenth century that curious chess-board pattern of its innermost and oldest streets which so much puzzles the modern visitor.[124] It is unnecessary here to follow further the renaissance of town-planning.  By intervals and revivals it continued to spread.  In 1652 it reached Java, when the Dutch built Batavia.  In 1682 it reached America, when Penn founded Philadelphia.  In 1753, when Kandahar was refounded as a new town on a new site, its Afghan builders laid out a roughly rectangular city, divided into four quarters meeting at a central Carfax and divided further into many strangely rectangular blocks of houses.[125]

    [123] Compare E.A.  Lewis, Medieval Boroughs of Snowdonia, pp.
    30, 61 foll.

    [124] So, too, Lemberg.  Compare R.F.  Kaindl, Die Deutschen in
    den Karpathenlaendern, i. 178, 293; ii. 304; he does not, however,
    deal with the actual plans.

    [125] I have to thank the late Sir Alfred Lyall for a sight of a
    survey made by English engineers in 1839.

But in growing, the old town-planning has passed into a new stage.  The Romans dealt with small areas, seldom more than three hundred acres and often very much less.  The town-plans of the Middle Ages and even of modern times affected areas that were little larger.  Only the last days have brought development.  Till the enormous changes of the nineteenth century—­changes which have transferred the termination of ancient